Discourse, Immigration and the Spanish Press: Critical Analysis of the Discourse on the Ceuta and Melilla Border Incident
Abstract
:1. Introduction
“The framing of foreign teenagers is determined by the inclusion or omission of the “UFM” acronym. Information that mentions foreign minors -without using the acronym- represents a semantic field that is characterised by a greater geographical contextualisation, by a more human, personal, and sometimes humanitarian and welfare perspective than news that uses the acronym. The second information category is characterised by an approach linked to threat, security, moral reprobation and political intervention. The word “UFM” describes a homogeneous collective with patterns of herd behaviour and few contextual and subjective nuances”.[32] (p. 103)
- −
- To analyze the tone employed based on the emotions conveyed in the news: whether it was negative (with adverse connotations such as insults, hostile words, unfavorable adjectives, situations of misery, crime, etc.), positive (words with supportive connotations) or neutral (without any connotation).
- −
- To establish the press’s symbolic representations of migrants, i.e., as victims, as a threat, as normalized people in society, etc.
- −
- To detect what migrant population stereotypes were transmitted and whether any of them were related to culture or religion.
- −
- To analyze whether a gender approach was adopted in the news and how migrant women were represented.
2. Materials and Methods
- Search descriptors: “immigrant”, “migrant”, “immigration”, “migration”, “Morocco”, “Ceuta” and “Melilla”.
- Publication date: from 1 May 2021 to 1 September 2021.
- Topic: all the published news on the Ceuta and Melilla migratory crisis of 17 May 2021.
- Tone, distinguishing between negative-tone (use of derogatory words and unfavorable connotations); positive-tone (use of words of recognition, value or favorable connotations) and neutral-tone (those that did not fit into the previous two descriptions).
- Portrayal, i.e., the migrant population’s symbolic representation. A distinction was made between the codes: normalization (described as normalized people), victimization (depicted as innocent victims), burden (regarded as having a negative impact on the country’s economic sustainability) and threat (perceived as a threat to the security of society).
- Qualifiers and stereotypes (the terms used to designate or name the migrant population).
- Culture and religion (elements used as identifiers and conditioners of migrants).
- Gender (use of a gender approach in narrative and language).
- Possessive pronouns (use of possessive pronouns in the discourse to distinguish between the migrant and autochthonous population).
3. Results
3.1. Topic
3.2. Gender Issues
3.3. Tone of the News
3.3.1. Negative Tone, Portraying Burden and Threat
“A large part of the ‘undocumented’ who do not plan to stay in Ceuta are organised into groups, living in settlements in the countryside or even in abandoned buildings. According to our sources, they also sometimes trigger fights, increasing citizen insecurity while dangerous situations are taking place in the port […]”.[60]
“A total of 3474 subjects of the Alawite Kingdom have voluntarily returned and 124 have been sent back”.[61]
“They should all join the ships, we must take these people off the streets” said the representative of Ceuta’s central government.[55]
“Ceuta’s inhabitants have been plunged into a state of bewilderment and fear following the massive influx of immigrants on Tarajal beach”.[50]
“An unusual invasion has been followed by equally unusual normality. In less than 48 h, Ceuta streets went from a roaming and baffled hotchpotch to a near-normal situation.[57]
“For the time being, the minors who reached Ceuta during the ‘Open Days’ of the Moroccan border will remain in the existing centres. Expenditure for their upkeep will therefore continue: 1.8 million euros per month, according to the autonomous city’s government sources”.[62]
“[…] we have received a clear warning for the first time that the social situation is rapidly deteriorating in both cities” (referring to Ceuta and Melilla).[64]
“[…] taking a closer look, information is beginning to circulate in official and police circles pointing to the existence of troublemakers among immigrant groups, and it would seem that Ceuta may still be far from returning to peace”.[50]
3.3.2. Positive and Neutral Tone, Normalization and Victimization Portrayals
“At least 5000 immigrants entered Ceuta illegally throughout Monday with no documentation, as reported late in the day by Ceuta’s Government Delegation”.[50]
“This way of helping and prioritising the migrants most in need led him and his colleague Braulio to assist this mother and her strapped baby, whom they quickly rescued”.[65]
“He is still wearing his wet T-shirt because the blue sweater he uses against the cold does not let his clothes dry out. He is barely a few feet tall no matter how much he insists that he is eleven years old”.[56]
“The Ceuta Government will “freeze” the transfers of unaccompanied minors to Morocco until a decision is taken by the judge who is investigating the case of a group of teenagers who were going to be expelled—allegedly illegally”.[66]
3.4. Use of Possessive Nouns, Culture and Religion
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Category | Code | Examples |
---|---|---|
Tone | Negative | Invasion, avalanche, settlements, brawls, insecurity, subjects, fear, amalgamation, disbursement, overflowing, etc. |
Positive | Cooperation, help, understanding, use of real numbers avoiding terms like “thousands” which is generic and voluminous… | |
Qualifiers and Stereotypes | Qualifiers and stereotypes | Islamists, without papers, invaders, poor, criminals, opportunists, hungry, dirty, use of the generic masculine, etc. |
Topic | Headline |
---|---|
Arrival | “As much as fifty migrants enter Ceuta by swimming around the Tarajal breakwater border” (ABC, 18 May 2021) [47] “Thousands of immigrants, including large numbers of minors, swim into Ceuta” (El Mundo, 17 May 2021) [48] “5000 people swim to Ceuta as diplomatic tensions with Morocco escalate” (El País, 18 May 2021) [49] “Day 2 of migrant “invasion” as Ceuta is bewildered and scared” (La Vanguardia, 18 May 2021) [50] |
Aftermath | “Ceuta, the first city to achieve COVID Zero, receives the equivalent of half a million immigrants in Madrid” (El Mundo, 19 May 2021) [51] “Over 100 immigrants who crossed into Ceuta test positive for coronavirus” (ABC, 4 June 2021) [52] “Ceuta doctors denounce a health crisis after the May avalanche” (ABC, 5 June 2021) [53] “Moroccans who lost their jobs due to COVID are among those who jumped the fence” (La Vanguardia, 19 May 2021) [54] |
Repatriation | “Over 100 Moroccans leave Ceuta to return to their country every week “(El Mundo, 2 July 2021) [55] “The helplessness of hundreds of minors is aggravating the Ceuta migration crisis” (La Vanguardia, 20 May 2021) [56] “Ceuta back to normal after returning over 5600 people” (ABC, 20 May 2021) [57] “Spanish and European pressure allays the Ceuta crisis but hundreds of children are left in limbo (El País, 19 May 2021) [58] |
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Terrón-Caro, T.; Cárdenas-Rodríguez, R.; Ortega-de-Mora, F. Discourse, Immigration and the Spanish Press: Critical Analysis of the Discourse on the Ceuta and Melilla Border Incident. Societies 2022, 12, 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12020056
Terrón-Caro T, Cárdenas-Rodríguez R, Ortega-de-Mora F. Discourse, Immigration and the Spanish Press: Critical Analysis of the Discourse on the Ceuta and Melilla Border Incident. Societies. 2022; 12(2):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12020056
Chicago/Turabian StyleTerrón-Caro, Teresa, Rocío Cárdenas-Rodríguez, and Fabiola Ortega-de-Mora. 2022. "Discourse, Immigration and the Spanish Press: Critical Analysis of the Discourse on the Ceuta and Melilla Border Incident" Societies 12, no. 2: 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12020056