Determinants of Termite Assemblages’ Characteristics within Natural Habitats of a Sudano-Guinean Savanna (Comoe National Park, Côte d’Ivoire)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Site and Visited Habitats
2.2. Sampling Design
2.2.1. Assessing Termite Diversity and Abundance
2.2.2. Environmental Variables Characterization
2.2.3. Identification of Specimens
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Overall Taxonomic Structure of the Observed Species
3.2. Sampling Efficiency during this Study
3.3. Species Richness, Species Diversity, and Spatial Distribution of the Recorded Termites
3.4. Relative Abundance of Termite’s Feeding Groups across the Visited Habitats
3.5. Effects of Environmental Variables on Species Distribution
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Termites Species (Feeding Group/Family/Subfamily) | Habitats | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FI | GF | WS | TS | GS | |
Fungus growers—Termitidae—Macrotermitinae | |||||
Ancistrotermes cavithorax (Sjöstedt, 1899) | 2 | 15 | 39 | 62 | 29 |
Ancistrotermes crucifer (Sjöstedt, 1897) | 26 | 10 | 19 | 0 | 0 |
Ancistrotermes guineensis (Silvestri, 1912) | 14 | 45 | 56 | 1 | 1 |
Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman, 1781) | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Macrotermes subhyalinus (Rambur, 1842) | 12 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 3 |
Microtermes osborni (Emerson, 1928) | 8 | 3 | 16 | 30 | 10 |
Microtermes toumodiensis (Grassé, 1937) | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pseudacanthotermes militaris (Hagen, 1858) | 11 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 0 |
Pseudacanthotermes spiniger (Sjöstedt, 1900) | 4 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 0 |
Pseudacanthotermes sp1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
Odontotermes sp1 | 10 | 9 | 4 | 2 | 15 |
Odontotermes sp2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Odontotermes sp3 | 0 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 0 |
Odontotermes sp4 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Odontotermes sp5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Odontotermes sp6 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Odontotermes sp7 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Odontotermes sp8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Wood feeders—Rhinotermitidae—Coptotermitinae | |||||
Coptotermes intermedius (Sylvestri, 1912) | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Coptotermes sjoestedti (Harris, 1966) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Wood feeders—Termitidae—Nasutitermitinae | |||||
Fulleritermes tenebricus (Silvestri, 1914) | 0 | 0 | 23 | 3 | 0 |
Nasutitermes arborum (Smeathman, 1781) | 13 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Wood feeders—Rhinotermitidae—Rhinotermitinae | |||||
Shedorhinotermes laminianus (Sjöstedt, 1911) | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Wood feeders—Termitidae—Termitinae | |||||
Amitermes evuncifer (Silvestri, 1912) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 6 |
Amitermes lonnbergianus (Sjöstedt, 1911) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Amitermes sp | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Microcerotermes choanensis (Silvestri, 1914) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Microcerotermes dolichognathus (Sjöstedt, 1926) | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Microcerotermes fuscotibialis (Sjöstedt, 1896) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Microcerotermes parvulus (Sjöstedt, 1911) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Microcerotermes parvus (Haviland, 1898) | 17 | 11 | 8 | 1 | 0 |
Microcerotermes zuluensis (Sjöstedt, 1926) | 3 | 7 | 14 | 24 | 17 |
Microcerotermes sp1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Microcerotermes sp2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Termes sp1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Soil feeders—Termitidae—Apicotermitinae | |||||
Adaiphrotermes sp | 1 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 9 |
Aderitotermes sp | 7 | 21 | 28 | 11 | 15 |
Astratotermes sp | 0 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 0 |
Soil feeders—Termitidae—Cubitermitinae | |||||
Basidentitermes potens (Silvestri, 1914) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Basidentitermes mactus (Silvestri, 1914) | 2 | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Basidentitermes sp1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Basidentitermes sp2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Basidentitermes sp3 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Cubitermes sp1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Cubitermes sp2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cubitermes sp3 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Soil feeders—Termitidae—Termitinae | |||||
Pericapritermes appelans (Silvestri, 1914) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pericapritermes silvestrianus (Emerson, 1928) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pericapritermes socialis (Sjöstedt 1965) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pericapritermes urgens (Silvestri 1914) | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pericapritermes sp1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Procubitermes aburiensis (Sjöstedt, 1926) | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Promirotermes holmgreni (Silvestri, 1912) | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Procubitermes sjoestedti (Rosen, 1912) | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Grass feeders—Termitidae—Nasutitermitinae | |||||
Trinervitermes geminatus (Wasmann, 1897) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 12 |
Trinervitermes occidentalis (Sjöstedt, 1904) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 |
Trinervitermes oeconomus (Trägårdh, 1904) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Trinervitermes togoensis (Sjöstedt, 1899) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
Trinervitermes rhodesiensis (Sjöstedt, 1911) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Trinervitermes sp1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
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Habitat Types | Total Species Richness | Sampled Coverage | Similarity between Transects | Simpson’s Index | Evenness’s Index | Abundance | Unique Species per Habitat |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gallery Forest | 37 | 85.33 | 0.43 | 0.48 | 0.78 | 209 | 10 |
Forest Island | 34 | 95.8 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 0.84 | 187 | 6 |
Woodland Savanna | 32 | 87.77 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.66 | 252 | 8 |
Tree Savanna | 28 | 93.09 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.81 | 209 | 7 |
Grassy Savanna | 17 | 94.5 | 0.69 | 0.51 | 0.89 | 141 | 3 |
Habitat Types | GF | FI | WS | TS | GS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gallery Forest | 0 | ||||
Forest Island | 22/27/55% | 0 | |||
Woodland Savanna | 20/29/59% | 23/20/50% | 0 | ||
Tree Savanna | 17/31/65% | 15/32/68% | 21/19/46% | 0 | |
Grassy Savanna | 10/34/77% | 9/33/79% | 11/27/71% | 14/17/54% | 0 |
Habitats | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feeding Groups | GF | FI | WS | TS | GS | Total | p Values |
Fungus growers | 113 (54.06) | 99 (52.94) | 157 (64.68) | 130 (62.2) | 61 (42.95) | 560 (56.05) | 0.001 |
Wood feeders | 40 (19.13) | 43 (23) | 52 (19.33) | 41 (19.61) | 27 (19.01) | 203 (20.32) | 0.156 |
Soil feeders | 56 (26.8) | 45 (24.06) | 42 (15.61) | 28 (13.39) | 24 (16.9) | 195 (19.51) | 0.014 |
Grass feeders | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.37) | 10 (4.78) | 30 (21.12) | 41 (4.1) | 0.001 |
p Values | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | - | - |
Summary Statistic for CCA Ordination | Habitat-Specific Diversity and Abundance of Collected Termites in Dependence of Environmental Variables | Habitat-Specific Diversity of Collected Termite’s Feeding Groups in Dependence of Environmental Variables | Habitat-Specific Abundance of Collected Termite’s Feeding Groups in Dependence of Environmental Variables | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Axes | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
Eigenvalues | 0.45 | 0.27 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0 | - | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0 | - |
Projected inertia (%) | 43.35 | 26.24 | 18.13 | 12.29 | 84.74 | 12.05 | 3.2 | - | 88.6 | 10.57 | 0.82 | - |
Cumulative projected inertia (%) | 43.35 | 69.58 | 87.71 | 100 | 84.74 | 96.79 | 100 | - | 88.61 | 99.18 | 100 | - |
Total unconstrained inertia | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.13 | |||||||||
Inertia (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 |
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Koné, N.A.; Silué, K.S.; Konaté, S.; Linsenmair, K.E. Determinants of Termite Assemblages’ Characteristics within Natural Habitats of a Sudano-Guinean Savanna (Comoe National Park, Côte d’Ivoire). Insects 2018, 9, 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9040189
Koné NA, Silué KS, Konaté S, Linsenmair KE. Determinants of Termite Assemblages’ Characteristics within Natural Habitats of a Sudano-Guinean Savanna (Comoe National Park, Côte d’Ivoire). Insects. 2018; 9(4):189. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9040189
Chicago/Turabian StyleKoné, N’golo Abdoulaye, Kolotchèlèma Simon Silué, Souleymane Konaté, and Karl Eduard Linsenmair. 2018. "Determinants of Termite Assemblages’ Characteristics within Natural Habitats of a Sudano-Guinean Savanna (Comoe National Park, Côte d’Ivoire)" Insects 9, no. 4: 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9040189
APA StyleKoné, N. A., Silué, K. S., Konaté, S., & Linsenmair, K. E. (2018). Determinants of Termite Assemblages’ Characteristics within Natural Habitats of a Sudano-Guinean Savanna (Comoe National Park, Côte d’Ivoire). Insects, 9(4), 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9040189