The First Order Transfer Function in the Analysis of Agrochemical Data in Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L.): Proboscis Extension Reflex (PER) Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Selection of Articles for Modeling
No | Source | Experiment/chemicals | Trial 1 | Trial 2 | Trial 3 | Trial 4 | Trial 5 | Trial 6 | Trial 7 | Trial 8 | Trial 9 | Trial 10 | Trial 11 | Trial 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | [14] | a pretreatment: a field dose of pymetrozine | 0 | 5 | 25 | 35 | 50 | 55 | 50 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 55 | 55 |
2. | [14] | a pretreatment: 100× the field dose of pymetrozine | 5 | 5 | 0 | 10 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 10 | 10 |
3. | [14] | a pretreatment: sucrose only | 5 | 50 | 65 | 60 | 70 | 75 | 75 | 70 | 75 | 70 | 75 | 75 |
4. | [14] | a pretreatment: a field dose of pymetrozine | 10 | 20 | 25 | 40 | 70 | 55 | 70 | 50 | 50 | 60 | 65 | 70 |
5. | [14] | a pretreatment: 100× the field dose of pymetrozine | 0 | 25 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
6. | [14] | control, sucrose only | 0 | 45 | 70 | 65 | 80 | 75 | 85 | 90 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 |
7. | [9] | a US: 6.25% Bioganic | 10 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
8. | [9] | a US: 1.56% Bioganic | 10 | 25 | 50 | 50 | 35 | 30 | 35 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 15 |
9. | [9] | a US: sucrose only | 0 | 25 | 45 | 65 | 60 | 65 | 65 | 60 | 70 | 55 | 60 | 65 |
10. | [9] | a US: 6.25% Bioganic | 10 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
11. | [9] | a US: 1.56% Bioganic | 5 | 10 | 25 | 40 | 20 | 0 | 10 | 5 | 25 | 5 | 5 | 10 |
12. | [9] | a US: sucrose only | 10 | 60 | 70 | 75 | 70 | 90 | 75 | 70 | 75 | 70 | 75 | 75 |
13. | [9] | a CS: citronella odor | 0 | 25 | 60 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 75 | 70 | 75 | 75 | 80 | 80 |
14. | [9] | a CS: 6.25% Bioganic odor | 30 | 60 | 75 | 80 | 80 | 90 | 85 | 80 | 85 | 80 | 85 | 85 |
15. | [15] | a CS+: pignut | 10 | 60 | 85 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 90 | 95 | 90 | 85 | 85 |
16. | [15] | a CS+: sweet fennel | 10 | 75 | 85 | 85 | 75 | 75 | 80 | 75 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 80 |
17. | [16] | a pretreatment: 10 μL dicofol | 5 | 30 | 45 | 60 | 55 | 50 | 60 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 |
18. | [16] | a pretreatment: sucrose | 20 | 70 | 75 | 80 | 75 | 80 | 90 | 75 | 90 | 75 | 80 | 75 |
19. | [16] | a pretreatment: 10 μL dicofol | 10 | 55 | 65 | 75 | 80 | 70 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
20. | [16] | a pretreatment: sucrose | 15 | 30 | 60 | 75 | 80 | 75 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
21. | [10] | a CS: butyric acid | 5 | 30 | 70 | 75 | 75 | 85 | 90 | 85 | 90 | 85 | 85 | 85 |
22. | [10] | a CS: DEET | 15 | 65 | 75 | 80 | 75 | 75 | 70 | 75 | 75 | 70 | 75 | 70 |
23. | [10] | a CS: cinnamon | 10 | 50 | 70 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 95 | 95 | 100 | 90 | 100 | 95 |
24. | [17] | a CS: citronella | 5 | 30 | 55 | 50 | 55 | 60 | 55 | 60 | 65 | 60 | 55 | 55 |
25. | [17] | a CS: cinnamon | 5 | 20 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 58 | 58 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 70 |
26. | [18] | a pretreatment: fluvalinate | 38.5 | 52.6 | 58.8 | 62.2 | 65.7 | 67.7 | 72.7 | – | – | – | – | – |
27. | [18] | a pretreatment: acetone | 62.9 | 76.4 | 83.9 | 90.3 | 91.7 | 90.5 | 89.6 | – | – | – | – | – |
28. | [18] | a pretreatment: flucythrinate | 24.2 | 32.4 | 36.1 | 44.0 | 36.1 | 42.9 | 47.2 | – | – | – | – | – |
29. | [18] | a pretreatment: cyfluthrin | 2.9 | 25.0 | 33.0 | 53.1 | 60.0 | 59.4 | 60.0 | – | – | – | – | – |
30. | [18] | a pretreatment: cypermethrin | 34.2 | 40.0 | 52.8 | 58.3 | 67.7 | 57.6 | 62.9 | – | – | – | – | – |
31. | [18] | a pretreatment: permethrin | 41.7 | 47.5 | 65.8 | 59.5 | 61.1 | 61.1 | 67.7 | – | – | – | – | – |
32. | [18] | a pretreatment: fenvalerate | 26.7 | 41.2 | 53.1 | 55.9 | 66.7 | 59.4 | 69.7 | – | – | – | – | – |
33. | [19] | a pretreatment: water | 0 | 20 | 40 | 45 | 55 | 55 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
34. | [19] | a pretreatment: acetone | 0 | 20 | 50 | 55 | 60 | 60 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
35. | [19] | a pretreatment: 0.01% coumaphos | 0 | 15 | 60 | 65 | 60 | 60 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
36. | [19] | a pretreatment: 0.1% coumaphos | 0 | 30 | 50 | 57 | 70 | 79 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
37. | [19] | a pretreatment: 10% coumaphos | 0 | 15 | 35 | 55 | 60 | 60 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
38. | [19] | a pretreatment: water | 0 | 20 | 35 | 55 | 60 | 60 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
39. | [19] | a pretreatment: acetone | 0 | 20 | 45 | 50 | 60 | 60 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
40. | [19] | a pretreatment: 0.005% diazinon | 0 | 20 | 55 | 55 | 60 | 60 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
41. | [19] | a pretreatment: 0.01% diazinon | 0 | 20 | 35 | 43 | 55 | 55 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
42. | [19] | a pretreatment: 0.025% diazinon | 0 | 45 | 70 | 78 | 78 | 78 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
43. | [19] | a pretreatment: hexane only | 0 | 25 | 45 | 63 | 70 | 70 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
44. | [19] | a pretreatment: 0.005% diazinon | 5 | 17 | 25 | 25 | 30 | 30 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
45. | [19] | a pretreatment: 0.07% coumaphos | 0 | 50 | 60 | 67 | 65 | 65 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
46. | [20] | a pretreatment: sucrose | 10 | 5 | 15 | 35 | 55 | 50 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 70 | 60 | 70 |
47. | [20] | a pretreatment: endosulfan | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 15 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
48. | [20] | a pretreatment: decis | 0 | 10 | 10 | 15 | 30 | 40 | 45 | 50 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 40 |
49. | [20] | a pretreatment: baytroid | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
50. | [20] | a pretreatment: sevin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
51. | [20] | a CS: hexanal | 5 | 20 | 20 | 25 | 35 | 45 | 50 | 70 | 70 | 65 | 75 | 70 |
52. | [20] | a CS: endosulfan | 5 | 10 | 30 | 35 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 65 | 55 | 65 | 65 | 65 |
53. | [20] | a CS: decis | 10 | 10 | 20 | 25 | 35 | 50 | 55 | 50 | 60 | 65 | 70 | 60 |
54. | [20] | a CS: baytroid | 0 | 10 | 25 | 25 | 40 | 50 | 50 | 45 | 60 | 55 | 65 | 65 |
55. | [20] | a CS: sevin | 5 | 10 | 15 | 30 | 40 | 55 | 65 | 65 | 60 | 70 | 60 | 75 |
56. | [20] | a US: sucrose | 5 | 5 | 15 | 25 | 40 | 55 | 55 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 65 | 70 |
57. | [20] | a US: endosulfan | 5 | 15 | 40 | 45 | 60 | 45 | 55 | 45 | 25 | 20 | 15 | 15 |
58. | [20] | a US: decis | 5 | 10 | 20 | 25 | 25 | 45 | 50 | 50 | 55 | 50 | 55 | 50 |
59. | [20] | a US: baytroid | 10 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
60. | [20] | a US: sevin | 5 | 15 | 15 | 10 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
61. | [11] | a pretreatment: 0 μg tebufenozide | 12 | 80 | 92 | 91 | 96 | 100 | 92 | 88 | 100 | 92 | 84 | 88 |
62. | [11] | a pretreatment: 16 μg tebufenozide | 4 | 56 | 84 | 88 | 88 | 92 | 88 | 92 | 92 | 88 | 88 | 88 |
63. | [11] | a pretreatment: 24 μg tebufenozide | 8 | 32 | 48 | 52 | 48 | 68 | 63 | 52 | 60 | 72 | 76 | 76 |
64. | [11] | a pretreatment: 32 μg tebufenozide | 4 | 24 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 48 | 68 | 48 | 52 | 68 | 64 | 80 |
65. | [11] | a pretreatment: 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 24 | 48 | 60 | 76 | 76 | 84 | 80 | 80 | 96 | 96 | 88 | 100 |
66. | [11] | a pretreatment: 131 μg tebufenozide | 8 | 32 | 52 | 48 | 48 | 56 | 56 | 44 | 64 | 64 | 52 | 64 |
67. | [11] | a US: 0 μg tebufenozide | 4 | 52 | 76 | 92 | 88 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 |
68. | [11] | a US: 16 μg tebufenozide | 0 | 40 | 64 | 60 | 68 | 80 | 68 | 64 | 64 | 56 | 60 | 64 |
69. | [11] | a US: 24 μg tebufenozide | 4 | 28 | 48 | 56 | 52 | 64 | 64 | 60 | 64 | 56 | 60 | 60 |
70. | [11] | a US: 32 μg tebufenozide | 8 | 32 | 36 | 52 | 72 | 64 | 88 | 64 | 68 | 64 | 64 | 68 |
71. | [11] | a US: 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 4 | 20 | 44 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 68 | 64 | 64 | 56 | 60 | 56 |
72. | [11] | a US: 131 μg tebufenozide | 8 | 36 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 76 | 60 | 68 | 72 | 76 | 72 | 72 |
73. | [11] | a pretreatment: 0 μg diflubenzuron | 0 | 60 | 76 | 80 | 84 | 92 | 80 | 84 | 76 | 80 | 80 | 84 |
74. | [11] | a pretreatment: 3.4 μg diflubenzuron | 8 | 32 | 52 | 68 | 60 | 56 | 64 | 72 | 60 | 64 | 64 | 68 |
75. | [11] | a pretreatment: 8.5 μg diflubenzuron | 12 | 44 | 36 | 68 | 52 | 56 | 64 | 72 | 72 | 68 | 72 | 80 |
76. | [11] | a pretreatment: 16 μg diflubenzuron | 16 | 52 | 48 | 76 | 76 | 84 | 84 | 76 | 84 | 76 | 76 | 68 |
77. | [11] | a pretreatment: 32 μg diflubenzuron | 12 | 44 | 48 | 60 | 60 | 72 | 64 | 64 | 52 | 64 | 52 | 48 |
78. | [11] | a pretreatment: 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 16 | 36 | 28 | 44 | 44 | 48 | 48 | 52 | 52 | 48 | 56 | 56 |
79. | [11] | a US: 0 μg diflubenzuron | 12 | 48 | 52 | 60 | 56 | 56 | 68 | 60 | 52 | 52 | 60 | 64 |
80. | [11] | a US: 3.4 μg diflubenzuron | 20 | 28 | 28 | 36 | 36 | 28 | 32 | 24 | 24 | 32 | 28 | 24 |
81. | [11] | a US: 8.5 μg diflubenzuron | 4 | 24 | 48 | 36 | 32 | 36 | 32 | 36 | 32 | 32 | 28 | 16 |
82. | [11] | a US: 16 μg diflubenzuron | 28 | 16 | 28 | 28 | 44 | 24 | 32 | 40 | 44 | 44 | 40 | 32 |
83. | [11] | a US: 32 μg diflubenzuron | 8 | 24 | 40 | 52 | 56 | 40 | 24 | 28 | 28 | 24 | 20 | 28 |
84. | [11] | a US: 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 28 | 40 | 56 | 32 | 32 | 24 | 16 | 32 | 28 | 28 | 24 | 16 |
85. | [11] | a pretreatment: 0 μg tebufenozide | 10 | 58 | 81 | 88 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 81 | 77 | 73 |
86. | [11] | a pretreatment: 16 μg tebufenozide | 10 | 30 | 58 | 77 | 73 | 73 | 69 | 77 | 73 | 65 | 65 | 65 |
87. | [11] | a pretreatment: 24 μg tebufenozide | 7 | 37 | 42 | 54 | 65 | 73 | 69 | 69 | 73 | 81 | 77 | 85 |
88. | [11] | a pretreatment: 32 μg tebufenozide | 7 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 58 | 58 | 61 | 65 | 50 | 60 | 50 | 58 |
89. | [11] | a pretreatment: 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 10 | 46 | 58 | 65 | 65 | 73 | 65 | 69 | 73 | 69 | 58 | 73 |
90. | [11] | a pretreatment: 131 μg tebufenozide | 3 | 30 | 42 | 54 | 54 | 38 | 50 | 54 | 54 | 58 | 69 | 60 |
91. | [11] | a US: 0 μg tebufenozide | 3 | 65 | 69 | 84 | 84 | 77 | 81 | 88 | 81 | 81 | 84 | 81 |
92. | [11] | a US: 16 μg tebufenozide | 10 | 42 | 64 | 54 | 57 | 50 | 77 | 73 | 58 | 54 | 69 | 61 |
93. | [11] | a US: 24 μg tebufenozide | 7 | 37 | 57 | 73 | 58 | 77 | 50 | 61 | 49 | 41 | 53 | 45 |
94. | [11] | a US: 32 μg tebufenozide | 10 | 26 | 34 | 38 | 45 | 50 | 60 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 50 | 58 |
95. | [11] | a US: 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 7 | 27 | 53 | 54 | 64 | 53 | 61 | 61 | 60 | 58 | 53 | 53 |
96. | [11] | a US: 131 μg tebufenozide | 14 | 34 | 41 | 57 | 54 | 53 | 64 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 46 | 42 |
97. | [11] | a pretreatment: 0 μg diflubenzuron | 15 | 15 | 27 | 42 | 46 | 42 | 38 | 42 | 38 | 46 | 58 | 54 |
98. | [11] | a pretreatment: 3.4 μg diflubenzuron | 15 | 38 | 61 | 54 | 54 | 69 | 65 | 62 | 69 | 58 | 50 | 62 |
99. | [11] | a pretreatment: 8.5 μg diflubenzuron | 11 | 31 | 27 | 42 | 58 | 61 | 65 | 62 | 69 | 58 | 65 | 69 |
100. | [11] | a pretreatment: 16 μg diflubenzuron | 4 | 34 | 50 | 54 | 62 | 58 | 58 | 54 | 46 | 46 | 50 | 62 |
101. | [11] | a pretreatment: 32 μg diflubenzuron | 7 | 31 | 54 | 54 | 42 | 50 | 62 | 62 | 50 | 65 | 77 | 58 |
102. | [11] | a pretreatment: 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 15 | 34 | 46 | 50 | 62 | 58 | 58 | 65 | 57 | 50 | 54 | 46 |
103. | [11] | a US: 0 μg diflubenzuron | 4 | 19 | 35 | 38 | 39 | 46 | 35 | 58 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 54 |
104. | [11] | a US: 3.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0 | 8 | 19 | 23 | 23 | 27 | 27 | 23 | 27 | 23 | 31 | 35 |
105. | [11] | a US: 8.5 μg diflubenzuron | 4 | 27 | 34 | 23 | 23 | 27 | 27 | 23 | 27 | 27 | 31 | 31 |
106. | [11] | a US: 16 μg diflubenzuron | 23 | 23 | 31 | 19 | 35 | 31 | 42 | 38 | 39 | 42 | 38 | 39 |
107. | [11] | a US: 32 μg diflubenzuron | 19 | 12 | 23 | 42 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 23 | 35 | 27 | 27 |
108. | [11] | a US: 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 4 | 19 | 42 | 42 | 31 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 11 | 15 | 23 | 11 |
2.2. Obtaining Data for Analysis
- Copied the graph(s) of interest from a published manuscript.
- Entered the graph into the “WebPlotDigitizer” software.
- Copied the data into an Excel spreadsheet.
- Entered the data into the “Learning Curve Modeling Tool” program to obtain the model’s coefficients.
- Compiled the data, organized by author/agrochemical/year.
- Tested the significance of the model’s coefficients using SPSS and Mathematica.
2.3. Estimation of the Model’s Parameters and Its Verification
2.4. Description of the Model
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Agrochemicals Considered Harmless to Bees
No | Source | Experiment/chemicals | Model’s coefficients (with standard error) | R squared | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B2 | B3 | B4 | ||||
1. | [14] | a pretreatment: a field dose of pymetrozine | 0.30 ± 0.06 | 0.0 ± 11.0 | 63.0 ± 4.4 | 0.90 |
2. | [14] | a pretreatment: 100× the field dose of pymetrozine | 0.35 ± 0.31 | 2.3 ± 3.6 | 14.0 ± 2.8 | 0.44 |
3. | [14] | a pretreatment: sucrose only | 0.97 ± 0.14 | 6.0 ± 3.9 | 72.7 ± 1.4 | 0.97 |
4. | [14] | a pretreatment: a field dose of pymetrozine | 0.34 ± 0.15 | 5.9 ± 9.4 | 66.1 ± 7.6 | 0.80 |
5. | [14] | a pretreatment: 100× the field dose of pymetrozine | The data are not fitted with the model. | |||
6. | [14] | control, sucrose only | 0.70 ± 0.09 | 1.0 ± 4.8 | 85.0 ± 2.0 | 0.98 |
7. | [9] | a US: 6.25% Bioganic | 1.22 ± 0.81 | 10.2 ± 2.3 | 1.0 ± 0.8 | 0.70 |
8. | [9] | a US: 1.56% Bioganic | 2.73 ± 10.75 | 9.9 ± 12.9 | 29.2 ± 4.1 | 0.19 |
9. | [9] | a US: sucrose only | 0.67 ± 0.12 | 0.0 ± 12 | 64.0 ± 2.2 | 0.97 |
10. | [9] | a US: 6.25% Bioganic | 0.25 ± 0.19 | 9.1 ± 2.2 | −1.2 ± 2.7 | 0.41 |
11. | [9] | a US: 1.56% Bioganic | The data are not fitted with the model. | |||
12. | [9] | a US: sucrose only | 1.45 ± 0.38 | 10.1 ± 5.8 | 75.0 ± 2.0 | 0.94 |
13. | [9] | a CS: citronella odor | 0.60 ± 0.08 | 0.0 ± 10.4 | 76.9 ± 2.1 | 0.96 |
14. | [9] | a CS: 6.25% Bioganic odor | 0.86 ± 0.12 | 29.8 ± 3.0 | 83.9 ± 1.2 | 0.98 |
15. | [15] | a CS+: pignut | 1.10 ± 0.16 | 9.1 ± 4.8 | 92.1 ± 1.7 | 1.00 |
16. | [15] | a CS+: sweet fennel | 2.61 ± 0.94 | 10.0 ± 4.7 | 80.9 ± 1.5 | 0.97 |
17. | [16] | a pretreatment: 10 μL dicofol | 0.83 ± 0.15 | 4.0 ± 3.8 | 56.0 ± 1.5 | 0.95 |
18. | [16] | a pretreatment: sucrose | 1.64 ± 0.50 | 20.1 ± 5.7 | 80.0 ± 1.9 | 0.99 |
19. | [16] | a pretreatment: 10 μL dicofol | 1.12 ± 0.26 | 10.1 ± 4.9 | 75.3 ± 3.3 | 0.98 |
20. | [16] | a pretreatment: sucrose | 0.44 ± 0.22 | 11.6 ± 7.8 | 90.2 ± 16.6 | 0.95 |
21. | [10] | a CS: butyric acid | 0.59 ± 0.09 | 2.0 ± 5.3 | 87.6 ± 2.4 | 0.96 |
22. | [10] | a CS: DEET | 1.99 ± 0.41 | 14.6 ± 3.2 | 74.1 ± 1.1 | 0.99 |
23. | [10] | a CS: cinnamon | 0.60 ± 0.06 | 10.1 ± 3.8 | 95.7 ± 1.7 | 0.99 |
24. | [17] | a CS: citronella | 0.79 ± 0.15 | 4.7 ± 4.4 | 58.6 ± 1.7 | 0.96 |
25. | [17] | a CS: cinnamon | 0.52 ± 0.12 | 4.1 ± 5.5 | 63.1 ± 2.8 | 0.91 |
26. | [18] | a pretreatment: fluvalinate | 0.41 ± 0.09 | 39.4 ± 1.8 | 73.5 ± 3.0 | 0.98 |
27. | [18] | a pretreatment: acetone | 0.71 ± 0.13 | 62.5 ± 1.7 | 91.8 ± 1.4 | 0.98 |
28. | [18] | a pretreatment: flucythrinate | 0.39 ± 0.30 | 24.6 ± 3.7 | 46.7 ± 6.8 | 0.84 |
29. | [18] | a pretreatment: cyfluthrin | 0.41 ± 0.12 | 2.2 ± 4.4 | 68.6 ± 7.4 | 0.84 |
30. | [18] | a pretreatment: cypermethrin | 0.45 ± 0.26 | 32.4 ± 4.8 | 66.2 ± 7.1 | 0.88 |
31. | [18] | a pretreatment: permethrin | 0.64 ± 0.43 | 40.8 ± 5.1 | 65.0 ± 4.5 | 0.81 |
32. | [18] | a pretreatment: fenvalerate | 0.42 ± 0.16 | 26.6 ± 3.9 | 70.4 ± 6.2 | 0.95 |
33. | [19] | a pretreatment: water | 0.37 ± 0.13 | −0.1 ± 3.1 | 70.0 ± 13.1 | 0.99 |
34. | [19] | a pretreatment: acetone | 0.46 ± 0.25 | 0.0 ± 6.4 | 74.1 ± 18.8 | 0.97 |
35. | [19] | a pretreatment: 0.01% coumaphos | 0.51 ± 0.50 | 0.0 ± 15.2 | 77.5 ± 34.2 | 0.89 |
36. | [19] | a pretreatment: 0.1% coumaphos | 0.45 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 2.8 | 82.0 ± 8.9 | 0.99 |
37. | [19] | a pretreatment: 10% coumaphos | 0.51 ± 0.43 | 0.0 ± 9.5 | 63.9 ± 23.5 | 0.93 |
38. | [19] | a pretreatment: water | 0.53 ± 0.35 | 0.3 ± 7.7 | 63.4 ± 17.6 | 0.95 |
39. | [19] | a pretreatment: acetone | 0.37 ± 0.17 | −0.6 ± 4.3 | 78.1 ± 19.0 | 0.98 |
40. | [19] | a pretreatment: 0.005% diazinon | 0.52 ± 0.36 | 0.0 ± 8.9 | 71.4 ± 21.6 | 0.94 |
41. | [19] | a pretreatment: 0.01% diazinon | 0.52 ± 0.23 | 0.3 ± 4.5 | 57.3 ± 10.8 | 0.98 |
42. | [19] | a pretreatment: 0.025% diazinon | 0.84 ± 0.12 | −0.1 ± 3 | 83.1 ± 3.6 | 1.00 |
43. | [19] | a pretreatment: hexane only | 0.57 ± 0.27 | 0.2 ± 6.9 | 73.4 ± 14.3 | 0.97 |
44. | [19] | a pretreatment: 0.005% diazinon | 0.61 ± 0.21 | 5.0 ± 1.9 | 31.4 ± 3.5 | 0.98 |
45. | [19] | a pretreatment: 0.07% coumaphos | 1.42 ± 0.15 | −0.01 ± 1.9 | 65.8 ± 1.4 | 1.00 |
46. | [20] | a pretreatment: sucrose | 0.21 ± 0.08 | −0.7 ± 7.2 | 79.0 ± 12.1 | 0.90 |
47. | [20] | a pretreatment: endosulfan | 1.26 ± 4.68 | −0.6 ± 5.8 | 3.7 ± 2.0 | 0.05 |
48. | [20] | a pretreatment: decis | 0.24 ± 0.09 | 0.0 ± 12.0 | 52.0 ± 7.8 | 0.89 |
49. | [20] | a pretreatment: baytroid | There is no data because learning did not occur. | |||
50. | [20] | a pretreatment: sevin | There is no data because learning did not occur. | |||
51. | [20] | a CS: hexanal | 0.19 ± 0.09 | 5.3 ± 7.0 | 78.2 ± 14 | 0.91 |
52. | [20] | a CS: endosulfan | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 1.7 ± 4.1 | 73.2 ± 6.3 | 0.96 |
53. | [20] | a CS: decis | 0.18 ± 0.09 | 10 ± 6.1 | 72.5 ± 14.6 | 0.91 |
54. | [20] | a CS: baytroid | 0.18 ± 0.05 | −0.6 ± 4.0 | 74.8 ± 9.3 | 0.96 |
55. | [20] | a CS: sevin | 0.17 ± 0.06 | 0.0 ± 12.5 | 85.8 ± 14.6 | 0.93 |
56. | [20] | a US: sucrose | 0.16 ± 0.05 | 0.0 ± 4.8 | 85.2 ± 14.0 | 0.95 |
57. | [20] | a US: endosulfan | 1.18 ± 1.61 | 2.9 ± 10.3 | 35.9 ± 6.0 | 0.28 |
58. | [20] | a US: decis | 0.18 ± 0.07 | 1.4 ± 4.6 | 64.5 ± 10.1 | 0.93 |
59. | [20] | a US: baytroid | 0.26 ± 1.03 | 10.0 ± 2.5 | 3.9 ± 13.6 | 0.45 |
60. | [20] | a US: sevin | 1.91 ± 3.11 | 5.0 ± 3.4 | 14.1 ± 2.3 | 0.70 |
61. | [11] | a pretreatment: 0 μg tebufenozide | 1.89 ± 0.45 | 12.1 ± 5.2 | 92.4 ± 1.7 | 0.96 |
62. | [11] | a pretreatment: 16 μg tebufenozide | 1.05 ± 0.08 | 3.5 ± 2.7 | 90.1 ± 1.0 | 0.99 |
63. | [11] | a pretreatment: 24 μg tebufenozide | 0.36 ± 0.12 | 11.0 ± 6.9 | 70.6 ± 5.1 | 0.88 |
64. | [11] | a pretreatment: 32 μg tebufenozide | 0.25 ± 0.12 | 9.0 ± 8.0 | 71.5 ± 10.1 | 0.84 |
65. | [11] | a pretreatment: 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.35 ± 0.07 | 26.0 ± 5.0 | 94.9 ± 3.8 | 0.95 |
66. | [11] | a pretreatment: 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.71 ± 0.23 | 8.6 ± 6.8 | 57.1 ± 2.8 | 0.84 |
67. | [11] | a US: 0 μg tebufenozide | 1.04 ± 0.13 | 3.0 ± 4.1 | 85.5 ± 1.5 | 0.98 |
68. | [11] | a US: 16 μg tebufenozide | 1.12 ± 0.3 | −0.7 ± 6.8 | 65.5 ± 2.4 | 0.91 |
69. | [11] | a US: 24 μg tebufenozide | 0.66 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 3.6 | 61.2 ± 1.6 | 0.96 |
70. | [11] | a US: 32 μg tebufenozide | 0.49 ± 0.16 | 6.1 ± 8.7 | 70.4 ± 4.6 | 0.85 |
71. | [11] | a US: 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.510.1 | 1.8 ± 4.8 | 61.8 ± 2.4 | 0.94 |
72. | [11] | a US: 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.64 ± 0.13 | 7.9 ± 5.3 | 71.0 ± 2.3 | 0.94 |
73. | [11] | a pretreatment: 0 μg diflubenzuron | 1.3 ± 0.19 | 0.0 ± 4.3 | 82.4 ± 1.5 | 0.97 |
74. | [11] | a pretreatment: 3.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.72 ± 0.15 | 6.6 ± 5.3 | 65.2 ± 2.2 | 0.93 |
75. | [11] | a pretreatment: 8.5 μg diflubenzuron | 0.34 ± 0.13 | 16.8 ± 7.5 | 74.4 ± 6.1 | 0.85 |
76. | [11] | a pretreatment: 16 μg diflubenzuron | 0.67 ± 0.19 | 16.2 ± 7.4 | 78.6 ± 3.2 | 0.88 |
77. | [11] | a pretreatment: 32 μg diflubenzuron | 1.03 ± 0.4 | 12.1 ± 7.3 | 59.5 ± 2.6 | 0.81 |
78. | [11] | a pretreatment: 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.31 ± 0.1 | 18.4 ± 3.8 | 55.4 ± 3.5 | 0.90 |
79. | [11] | a US: 0 μg diflubenzuron | 1.35 ± 0.43 | 12.3 ± 5.2 | 58.6 ± 1.8 | 0.89 |
80. | [11] | a US: 3.4 μg diflubenzuron | 2.06 ± 4.15 | 20.2 ± 4.6 | 29.3 ± 1.5 | 0.28 |
81. | [11] | a US: 8.5 μg diflubenzuron | 1.99 ± 2.17 | 3.7 ± 8.2 | 32.3 ± 2.7 | 0.55 |
82. | [11] | a US: 16 μg diflubenzuron | 0.16 ± 0.28 | 21.9 ± 6.3 | 43.7 ± 17.1 | 0.43 |
83. | [11] | a US: 32 μg diflubenzuron | 1.69 ± 2.7 | 7.9 ± 12.6 | 33.7 ± 4.2 | 0.30 |
84. | [11] | a US: 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | The data are not fitted with the model. | |||
85. | [11] | a pretreatment: 0 μg tebufenozide | 1.46 ± 0.31 | 9.4 ± 4.9 | 78.5 ± 1.7 | 0.95 |
86. | [11] | a pretreatment: 16 μg tebufenozide | 0.77 ± 0.2 | 6.8 ± 7.2 | 71.2 ± 2.9 | 0.89 |
87. | [11] | a pretreatment: 24 μg tebufenozide | 0.34 ± 0.06 | 9.7 ± 4.2 | 81.0 ± 3.3 | 0.97 |
88. | [11] | a pretreatment: 32 μg tebufenozide | 0.36 ± 0.15 | 5.7 ± 8.3 | 60.2 ± 6.2 | 0.81 |
89. | [11] | a pretreatment: 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.91 ± 0.18 | 10.1 ± 4.6 | 68.3 ± 1.7 | 0.94 |
90. | [11] | a pretreatment: 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.61 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 7.2 | 56.6 ± 3.2 | 0.85 |
91. | [11] | a US: 0 μg tebufenozide | 1.34 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 4.2 | 81.8 ± 1.4 | 0.97 |
92. | [11] | a US: 16 μg tebufenozide | 1.05 ± 0.47 | 10.1 ± 9.2 | 62.3 ± 3.3 | 0.77 |
93. | [11] | a US: 24 μg tebufenozide | 1.35 ± 0.89 | 6.0 ± 11.7 | 56.4 ± 4.0 | 0.65 |
94. | [11] | a US: 32 μg tebufenozide | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 10.3 ± 3.8 | 58.6 ± 2.8 | 0.94 |
95. | [11] | a US: 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.8 ± 0.18 | 5.0 ± 5.1 | 58.5 ± 2.0 | 0.92 |
96. | [11] | a US: 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.79 ± 0.32 | 13.3 ± 7.0 | 54.5 ± 2.7 | 0.79 |
97. | [11] | a pretreatment: 0 μg diflubenzuron | 0.26 ± 0.13 | 12.8 ± 5.7 | 52.6 ± 7.0 | 0.80 |
98. | [11] | a pretreatment: 3.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.9 ± 0.32 | 14.5 ± 6.8 | 61.2 ± 2.6 | 0.83 |
99. | [11] | a pretreatment: 8.5 μg diflubenzuron | 0.3 ± 0.08 | 10.4 ± 5.3 | 70 ± 5.0 | 0.92 |
100. | [11] | a pretreatment: 16 μg diflubenzuron | 1.09 ± 0.32 | 3.2 ± 5.8 | 54.4 ± 2.1 | 0.89 |
101. | [11] | a pretreatment: 32 μg diflubenzuron | 0.55 ± 0.22 | 9.0 ± 8.8 | 61.0 ± 4.2 | 0.79 |
102. | [11] | a pretreatment: 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.76 ± 0.24 | 14.2 ± 5.7 | 56.1 ± 2.3 | 0.85 |
103. | [11] | a US: 0 μg diflubenzuron | 0.38 ± 0.11 | 4.9 ± 5.1 | 51.9 ± 3.5 | 0.89 |
104. | [11] | a US: 3.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.46 ± 0.13 | −0.3 ± 3.2 | 28.8 ± 1.8 | 0.89 |
105. | [11] | a US: 8.5 μg diflubenzuron | 4.35 ± 13.18 | 4.0 ± 3.8 | 27.2 ± 1.2 | 0.80 |
106. | [11] | a US: 16 μg diflubenzuron | 0.14 ± 0.16 | 21.2 ± 4.0 | 46.9 ± 15.1 | 0.69 |
107. | [11] | a US: 32 μg diflubenzuron | 0.62 ± 0.66 | 15.2 ± 6.7 | 30.3 ± 3.0 | 0.35 |
108. | [11] | a US: 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 2.3 ± 5.41 | 3.8 ± 11.2 | 25.4 ± 3.6 | 0.27 |
No | Agrochemicals compared | Significance level, p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
B2 | B3 | B4 | ||
1. | item 1, a field dose of pymetrozine—item 2, 100× the field dose of pymetrozine | 0.88 | 0.86 | 2.3 × 10−8 |
2. | item 1, a field dose of pymetrozine—item 3, sucrose only | 0.00035 | 0.66 | 0.17 |
3. | item 2, 100× the field dose of pymetrozine—item 3, sucrose only | 0.069 | 0.50 | 0.00005 |
4. | item 4, a field dose of pymetrozine—item 6, sucrose only | 0.054 | 0.67 | 0.25 |
5. | item 7, 6.25% Bioganic—item 8, 1.56% Bioganic | 0.89 | 0.98 | 0.00008 |
6. | item 7, 6.25% Bioganic—item 9, sucrose only | 0.52 | 0.42 | 6.5 × 10−10 |
7. | item 8, 1.56% Bioganic—item 9, sucrose only | 0.85 | 0.58 | 0.00004 |
8. | item 10, 6.25% Bioganic—item 12, sucrose only | 0.014 | 0.87 | 1.1 × 10−14 |
9. | item 13, citronella odor—item 14, 6.25% Bioganic odor | 0.088 | 0.014 | 0.010 |
10. | item 15, pignut—item 16, sweet fennel | 0.14 | 0.89 | 0.0001 |
11. | item 17, 10 μL dicofol—item 18, sucrose only | 0.15 | 0.030 | 1 × 10−8 |
12. | item 19, 10 μL dicofol—item 20, sucrose only | 0.093 | 0.88 | 0.41 |
13. | item 21, butyric acid—item 22, DEET | 0.0076 | 0.056 | 0.00045 |
14. | item 21, butyric acid—item 23, cinnamon | 0.93 | 0.069 | 0.014 |
15. | item 22, DEET—item 23, cinnamon | 0.0085 | 0.92 | 3.2 × 10−9 |
16. | item 24, citronella—item 25, cinnamon | 0.18 | 0.94 | 0.18 |
17. | item 26, fluvalinate—item 27, acetone | 0.094 | 0.000014 | 0.0006 |
18. | item 26, fluvalinate—item 28, flucythrinate | 0.95 | 0.007 | 0.0069 |
19. | item 26, fluvalinate—item 29, cyfluthrin | 0.99 | 0.00005 | 0.56 |
20. | item 26, fluvalinate—item 30, cypermethrin | 0.89 | 0.23 | 0.37 |
21. | item 26, fluvalinate—item 31, permethrin | 0.63 | 0.81 | 0.16 |
22. | item 26, fluvalinate—item 32, fenvalerate | 0.96 | 0.018 | 0.66 |
23. | item 27, acetone—item 28, flucythrinate | 0.36 | 0.00001 | 0.0013 |
24. | item 27, acetone—item 29, cyfluthrin | 0.13 | 1.3 × 10−6 | 0.015 |
25. | item 27, acetone—item 30, cypermethrin | 0.40 | 0.001 | 0.012 |
26. | item 27, acetone—item 31, permethrin | 0.88 | 0.008 | 0.0023 |
27. | item 27, acetone—item 32, fenvalerate | 0.20 | 0.00003 | 0.010 |
28. | item 28, flucythrinate—item 29, cyfluthrin | 0.95 | 0.0046 | 0.061 |
29. | item 28, flucythrinate—item 30, cypermethrin | 0.88 | 0.23 | 0.083 |
30. | item 28, flucythrinate—item 31, permethrin | 0.64 | 0.033 | 0.055 |
31. | item 28, flucythrinate—item 32, fenvalerate | 0.93 | 0.72 | 0.033 |
32. | item 29, cyfluthrin—item 30, cypermethrin | 0.89 | 0.0017 | 0.82 |
33. | item 29, cyfluthrin—item 31, permethrin | 0.63 | 0.00044 | 0.69 |
34. | item 29, cyfluthrin—item 32, fenvalerate | 0.96 | 0.0032 | 0.86 |
35. | item 30, cypermethrin—item 31, permethrin | 0.72 | 0.26 | 0.89 |
36. | item 30, cypermethrin—item 32, fenvalerate | 0.92 | 0.38 | 0.67 |
37. | item 31, permethrin—item 32, fenvalerate | 0.65 | 0.058 | 0.50 |
38. | item 33, water—item 34, acetone | 0.76 | 0.99 | 0.87 |
39. | item 33, water—item 35, 0.01% coumaphos | 0.76 | 0.99 | 0.85 |
40. | item 33, water—item 36, 1% coumaphos | 0.65 | 0.93 | 0.49 |
41. | item 33, water—item 37, 10% coumaphos | 0.77 | 0.99 | 0.83 |
42. | item 34, acetone—item 35, 0.01% coumaphos | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.93 |
43. | item 34, acetone—item 36, 1% coumaphos | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.72 |
44. | item 34, acetone—item 37, 10% coumaphos | 0.92 | 0.99 | 0.75 |
45. | item 35, 0.01% coumaphos—item 36, 1% coumaphos | 0.92 | 0.99 | 0.90 |
46. | item 35, 0.01% coumaphos—item 37, 10% coumaphos | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.76 |
47. | item 36, 1% coumaphos—item 37, 10% coumaphos | 0.90 | 0.98 | 0.51 |
48. | item 38, water—item 39, acetone | 0.70 | 0.92 | 0.60 |
49. | item 38, water—item 40, 0.005% diazinon | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.79 |
50. | item 38, water—item 41, 0.01% diazinon | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.78 |
51. | item 38, water—item 42, 0.025% diazinon | 0.45 | 0.96 | 0.39 |
52. | item 39, acetone—item 40, 0.005% diazinon | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.79 |
53. | item 39, acetone—item 41, 0.01% diazinon | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.78 |
54. | item 39, acetone—item 42, 0.025% diazinon | 0.45 | 0.96 | 0.39 |
55. | item 40, 0.005% diazinon—item 41, 0.01% diazinon | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.78 |
56. | item 40, 0.005% diazinon—item 42, 0.025% diazinon | 0.45 | 0.96 | 0.38 |
57. | item 41, 0.01% diazinon—item 42, 0.025% diazinon | 0.45 | 0.96 | 0.39 |
58. | item 43, hexane only—item 44, 0.05% diazinon | 0.91 | 0.54 | 0.046 |
59. | item 43, hexane only—item 45, 07% coumaphos | 0.051 | 0.98 | 0.63 |
60. | item 44, 0.05% diazinon—item 45, 0.7% coumaphos | 0.051 | 0.97 | 0.62 |
61. | item 46, sucrose—item 47, endosulfan | 0.83 | 0.99 | 0.00017 |
62. | item 46, sucrose—item 48, decis | 0.81 | 0.96 | 0.08 |
63. | item 47, endosulfan—item 48, decis | 0.81 | 0.96 | 0.077 |
64. | item 51, hexanal—item 52, endosulfan | 0.78 | 0.66 | 0.75 |
65. | item 51, hexanal—item 53, decis | 0.94 | 0.62 | 0.78 |
66. | item 51, hexanal—item 54, baytroid | 0.92 | 0.47 | 0.84 |
67. | item 51, hexanal—item 55, sevin | 0.86 | 0.72 | 0.71 |
68. | item 52, endosulfan—item 53, decis | 0.70 | 0.27 | 0.96 |
69. | item 52, endosulfan—item 54, baytroid | 0.92 | 0.47 | 0.84 |
70. | item 52, endosulfan—item 55, sevin | 0.86 | 0.72 | 0.71 |
71. | item 53, decis—item 54, baytroid | 0.99 | 0.16 | 0.90 |
72. | item 53, decis—item 55, sevin | 0.92 | 0.48 | 0.53 |
73. | item 54, baytroid—item 55, sevin | 0.90 | 0.96 | 0.53 |
74. | item 56, sucrose—item 57, endosulfan | 0.54 | 0.80 | 0.010 |
75. | item 56, sucrose—item 58, decis | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.25 |
76. | item 56, sucrose—item 59, baytroid | 0.92 | 0.09 | 0.001 |
77. | item 56, sucrose—item 60, sevin | 0.59 | 0.41 | 0.002 |
78. | item 57, endosulfan—item 58, decis | 0.55 | 0.90 | 0.026 |
79. | item 57, endosulfan—item 59, baytroid | 0.64 | 0.52 | 0.052 |
80. | item 57, endosulfan—item 60, sevin | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.006 |
81. | item 58, decis—item 59, baytroid | 0.94 | 0.13 | 0.0038 |
82. | item 58, decis—item 60, sevin | 0.60 | 0.54 | 0.0005 |
83. | item 59, baytroid—item 60, sevin | 0.64 | 0.29 | 0.51 |
84. | item 61, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 62, 16 μg tebufenozide | 0.096 | 0.17 | 0.26 |
85. | item 61, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 63, 24 μg tebufenozide | 0.008 | 0.90 | 0.002 |
86. | item 61, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 64, 32 μg tebufenozide | 6.5 × 10−8 | 0.75 | 0.069 |
87. | item 61, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 65, 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.008 | 0.07 | 0.56 |
88. | item 61, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 66, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.036 | 0.69 | 2.8 × 10−9 |
89. | item 62, 16 μg tebufenozide—item 63, 24 μg tebufenozide | 0.00015 | 0.33 | 0.0017 |
90. | item 62, 16 μg tebufenozide—item 64, 32 μg tebufenozide | 0.00003 | 0.52 | 0.086 |
91. | item 62, 16 μg tebufenozide—item 65, 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 3.5 × 10−6 | 0.0009 | 0.24 |
92. | item 62, 16 μg tebufenozide—item 66, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.19 | 0.50 | 2.3 × 10−7 |
93. | item 63, 24 μg tebufenozide—item 64, 32 μg tebufenozide | 0.52 | 0.85 | 0.94 |
94. | item 63, 24 μg tebufenozide—item 65, 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.94 | 0.095 | 0.0012 |
95. | item 63, 24 μg tebufenozide—item 66, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.20 | 0.981 | 0.036 |
96. | item 64, 32 μg tebufenozide—item 65, 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.48 | 0.09 | 0.048 |
97. | item 64, 32 μg tebufenozide—item 66, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.098 | 0.97 | 0.19 |
98. | item 65, 69.4 μg tebufenozide—item 66, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.16 | 0.054 | 2.4 × 10−7 |
99. | item 67, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 68, 16 μg tebufenozide | 0.81 | 0.65 | 1.4 × 10−6 |
100. | item 67, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 69, 24 μg tebufenozide, | 0.032 | 0.99 | 1.8 × 10−9 |
101. | item 67, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 70, 32 μg tebufenozide | 0.016 | 0.75 | 0.0062 |
102. | item 67, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 71, 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.0046 | 0.85 | 1.3 × 10−7 |
103. | item 67, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 72, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.043 | 0.47 | 0.00005 |
104. | item 68, 16 μg tebufenozide—item 69, 24 μg tebufenozide | 0.17 | 0.64 | 0.15 |
105. | item 68, 16 μg tebufenozide—item 70, 32 μg tebufenozide | 0.085 | 0.55 | 0.36 |
106. | item 68, 16 μg tebufenozide—item 71, 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.08 | 0.77 | 0.29 |
107. | item 68, 16 μg tebufenozide—item 72, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.17 | 0.33 | 0.12 |
108. | item 69, 24 μg tebufenozide—item 70, 32 μg tebufenozide | 0.38 | 0.75 | 0.078 |
109. | item 69, 24 μg tebufenozide—item 71, 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.30 | 0.84 | 0.84 |
110. | item 69, 24 μg tebufenozide—item 72, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.90 | 0.45 | 0.0025 |
111. | item 70, 32 μg tebufenozide—item 71, 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.92 | 0.67 | 0.12 |
112. | item 70, 32 μg tebufenozide—item 72, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.48 | 0.86 | 0.91 |
113. | item 71, 69.4 μg tebufenozide—item 72, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.44 | 0.40 | 0.013 |
114. | item 73, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 74, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.028 | 0.35 | 4.5 × 10−6 |
115. | item 73, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 75, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron | 0.0006 | 0.068 | 0.22 |
116. | item 73, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 76, 16 μg diflubenzuron | 0.031 | 0.075 | 0.30 |
117. | item 73, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 77, 32 μg diflubenzuron | 0.55 | 0.17 | 4.8 × 10−7 |
118. | item 73, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 78, 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.0004 | 0.0049 | 5.4 × 10−6 |
119. | item 74, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron—item 75, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron | 0.072 | 0.28 | 0.17 |
120. | item 74, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron—item 76, 16 μg diflubenzuron | 0.84 | 0.31 | 0.0028 |
121. | item 74, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron—item 77, 32 μg diflubenzuron | 0.48 | 0.55 | 0.11 |
122. | item 74, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron—item 78, 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.48 | 0.55 | 0.11 |
123. | item 75, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron—item 79, 16 μg diflubenzuron | 0.17 | 0.96 | 0.55 |
124. | item 75, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron—item 77, 32 μg diflubenzuron | 0.13 | 0.66 | 0.046 |
125. | item 75, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron—item 78, 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.015 |
126. | item 76, 16 μg diflubenzuron—item 77, 32 μg diflubenzuron | 0.43 | 0.70 | 0.0002 |
127. | item 76, 16 μg diflubenzuron—item 78, 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.12 | 0.80 | 0.00012 |
128. | item 77, 32 μg diflubenzuron—item 78, 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.11 | 0.46 | 0.36 |
129. | item 79, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 80, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.87 | 0.27 | 2.6 × 10−10 |
130. | item 79, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 81, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron | 0.77 | 0.39 | 2 × 10−7 |
131. | item 79, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 82, 16 μg diflubenzuron | 0.032 | 0.26 | 0.40 |
132. | item 79, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 83, 32 μg diflubenzuron | 0.90 | 0.75 | 0.0004 |
133. | item 80, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron—item 81, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron | 0.99 | 0.096 | 0.35 |
134. | item 80, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron—item 82, 16 μg diflubenzuron | 0.66 | 0.83 | 0.42 |
135. | item 80, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron—item 83, 32 μg diflubenzuron | 0.94 | 0.37 | 0.34 |
136. | item 81, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron—item 82, 16 μg diflubenzuron | 0.42 | 0.095 | 0.53 |
137. | item 81, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron—item 83, 32 μg diflubenzuron | 0.93 | 0.782 | 0.779 |
138. | item 82, 6 μg diflubenzuron—item 83, 32 μg diflubenzuron | 0.59 | 0.35 | 0.58 |
139. | item 85, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 86, 16 μg tebufenozide | 0.078 | 0.77 | 0.043 |
140. | item 85, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 87, 24 μg tebufenozide | 0.0053 | 0.96 | 0.52 |
141. | item 85, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 88, 32 μg tebufenozide | 0.007 | 0.71 | 0.014 |
142. | item 85, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 89, 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.14 | 0.92 | 0.0005 |
143. | item 85, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 90, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.033 | 0.58 | 0.00002 |
144. | item 86, 16 μg tebufenozide—item 87, 24 μg tebufenozide | 0.064 | 0.73 | 0.039 |
145. | item 86, 16 μg tebufenozide—item 88, 32 μg tebufenozide | 0.12 | 0.92 | 0.13 |
146. | item 86, 16 μg tebufenozide—item 89, 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.61 | 0.70 | 0.40 |
147. | item 86, 16 μg tebufenozide—item 90, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.58 | 0.82 | 0.0033 |
148. | item 87, 24 μg tebufenozide—item 88, 32 μgtebufenozide | 0.90 | 0.68 | 0.012 |
149. | item 87, 24 μg tebufenozide—item 89, 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.012 | 0.95 | 0.0057 |
150. | item 87, 24 μg tebufenozide—item 90, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.22 | 0.54 | 0.00005 |
151. | item 88, 32 μg tebufenozide—item 89, 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.031 | 0.65 | 0.22 |
152. | item 88, 32 μg tebufenozide—item 90, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.33 | 0.91 | 0.61 |
153. | item 89, 69.4 μg tebufenozide—item 90, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.28 | 0.52 | 0.0046 |
154. | item 91, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 92, 16 μg tebufenozide | 0.58 | 0.53 | 0.0002 |
155. | item 91, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 93, 24 μg tebufenozide | 0.99 | 0.85 | 0.00013 |
156. | item 91, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 94, 32 μg tebufenozide | 0.0006 | 0.25 | 8.1 × 10−6 |
157. | item 91, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 95, 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.060 | 0.83 | 1.8 × 10−8 |
158. | item 91, 0 μg tebufenozide—item 96, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.16 | 0.012 | 2.0 × 10−7 |
159. | item 92, 16 μg tebufenozide—item 93, 24 μg tebufenozide | 0.77 | 0.79 | 0.27 |
160. | item 92, 16 μg tebufenozide—item 94, 32 μg tebufenozide | 0.17 | 0.98 | 0.40 |
161. | item 92, 16 μg tebufenozide—item 95, 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.34 |
162. | item 92, 16 μg tebufenozide—item 96, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.65 | 0.78 | 0.084 |
163.. | item 93, 24 μg tebufenozide—item 94, 32 μg tebufenozide | 0.55 | 0.73 | 0.66 |
164. | item 93, 24 μg tebufenozide—item 95, 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.56 | 0.94 | 0.65 |
165. | item 93, 24 μg tebufenozide—item 96, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.57 | 0.60 | 0.70 |
166. | item 94, 32 μg tebufenozide—item 95, 69.4 μg tebufenozide | 0.041 | 0.42 | 0.98 |
167. | item 94, 32 μg tebufenozide—item 96, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.21 | 0.71 | 0.31 |
168. | item 95, 69.4 μg tebufenozide—item 96, 131 μg tebufenozide | 0.98 | 0.35 | 0.25 |
169. | item 97, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 98, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.089 | 0.85 | 0.27 |
170. | item 97, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 99, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron | 0.80 | 0.76 | 0.058 |
171. | item 97, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 100, 16 μg diflubenzuron | 0.034 | 0.25 | 0.81 |
172. | item 97, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 101, 32 μg diflubenzuron | 0.27 | 0.72 | 0.32 |
173. | item 97, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 102, 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.09 | 0.86 | 0.64 |
174. | item 98, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron—item 99, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron | 0.099 | 0.64 | 0.15 |
175. | item 98, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron—item 100, 16 μg diflubenzuron | 0.68 | 0.22 | 0.057 |
176. | item 98, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron—item 101, 32 μg diflubenzuron | 0.38 | 0.62 | 0.97 |
177. | item 98, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron—item 102, 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.73 | 0.97 | 0.16 |
178. | item 99, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron—item 100, 16 μg diflubenzuron | 0.038 | 0.37 | 0.016 |
179. | item 99, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron—item 101, 32 μg diflubenzuron | 0.31 | 0.89 | 0.18 |
180. | item 99, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron—item 102, 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.096 | 0.63 | 0.028 |
181. | item 100, 16 μg diflubenzuron—item 101, 32 μg diflubenzuron | 0.18 | 0.59 | 0.18 |
182. | item 100, 16 μg diflubenzuron—item 102, 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.42 | 0.19 | 0.59 |
183. | item 101, 32 μg diflubenzuron—item 102, 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.53 | 0.62 | 0.32 |
184. | item 103, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 104, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.64 | 0.40 | 0.00002 |
185. | item 103, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 105, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron | 0.77 | 0.89 | 0.00009 |
186. | item 103, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 106, 16 μg diflubenzuron | 0.23 | 0.022 | 0.75 |
187. | item 103, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 107, 32 μg diflubenzuron | 0.73 | 0.24 | 0.0002 |
188. | item 103, 0 μg diflubenzuron—item 108, 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.73 | 0.93 | 0.00005 |
189. | item 104, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron—item 105, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron | 0.78 | 0.40 | 0.47 |
190. | item 104, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron—item 106, 16 μg diflubenzuron | 0.14 | 0.0005 | 0.25 |
191. | item 104, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron—item 107, 32 μg diflubenzuron | 0.82 | 0.063 | 0.67 |
192. | item 104, 3.4 μg diflubenzuron—item 108, 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.42 |
193. | item 105, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron—item 106, 16 μg diflubenzuron | 0.76 | 0.006 | 0.23 |
194. | item 105, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron—item 107, 32 μg diflubenzuron | 0.78 | 0.16 | 0.36 |
195. | item 105, 8.5 μg diflubenzuron—item 108, 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.89 | 0.99 | 0.64 |
196. | item 106, 16 μg diflubenzuron—item 107, 32 μg diflubenzuron | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.31 |
197. | item 106, 16 μg diflubenzuron—item 108, 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.70 | 0.18 | 0.20 |
198. | item 107, 32 μg diflubenzuron—item 108, 69.4 μg diflubenzuron | 0.76 | 0.39 | 0.31 |
3.2. Agrochemicals Considered Repellent to Bees
3.3. Sublethal Amounts of Agrochemicals Known to Be Harmful to Bees
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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De Stefano, L.A.; Stepanov, I.I.; Abramson, C.I. The First Order Transfer Function in the Analysis of Agrochemical Data in Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L.): Proboscis Extension Reflex (PER) Studies. Insects 2014, 5, 167-198. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects5010167
De Stefano LA, Stepanov II, Abramson CI. The First Order Transfer Function in the Analysis of Agrochemical Data in Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L.): Proboscis Extension Reflex (PER) Studies. Insects. 2014; 5(1):167-198. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects5010167
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Stefano, Lisa A., Igor I. Stepanov, and Charles I. Abramson. 2014. "The First Order Transfer Function in the Analysis of Agrochemical Data in Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L.): Proboscis Extension Reflex (PER) Studies" Insects 5, no. 1: 167-198. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects5010167
APA StyleDe Stefano, L. A., Stepanov, I. I., & Abramson, C. I. (2014). The First Order Transfer Function in the Analysis of Agrochemical Data in Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L.): Proboscis Extension Reflex (PER) Studies. Insects, 5(1), 167-198. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects5010167