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Article

Collembola from Two Samplings in the MSS of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park in Two Different Seasons, with Description of a New Species †

by
Enrique Baquero
1,2,* and
Rafael Jordana
1
1
Department of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, University Campus, 31080 Pamplona, Spain
2
Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature). The LSID (Life Science Identifier) for this publication is: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:962A9EDB-6FC8-4F78-8098-B9A5A87794EE.
Insects 2022, 13(11), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13111025
Submission received: 6 October 2022 / Revised: 30 October 2022 / Accepted: 3 November 2022 / Published: 6 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Other Arthropods and General Topics)
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Abstract

:

Simple Summary

The interest in the fauna of the colluvial mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) led us to install a series of pitfall traps (subterranean sampling devices or SSDs) for a full year in the Sierra de Guadarrama. This paper presents the comparative results between the captures at two different periods of the year and allows the description of a new species, found only in one of those periods. It seems proven that there are species present throughout the year, but others also predominate, or are exclusive, to just one of them. This study indicates, again, that the colluvial MSS has a particular species composition for the taxon Collembola, different from the surface, a perfectly differentiated habitat.

Abstract

An intensive sampling in a colluvial mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, using 33 subterranean sampling devices (SSDs) is the origin of the Collembola studied in this paper. The data were obtained from the second extraction of the traps, in operation between October of 2015 and May of 2016. This paper presents the faunistic and diversity data along with the entire park (mostly at sampling points above 200 m a.s.l.) for this period, compares the data between the first extraction of the traps and the second one, and describes one species of the genus Pseudosinella that appears as new in the second campaign.

1. Introduction

The mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) consists of a network of interstices and subsoil fissures, and harbors diverse epigean species of a stenoic nature, and strictly hypogean species, permanent inhabitants of this environment [1,2]. Previous studies were focused on ecology [3,4], or faunal aspects [5,6,7]. Some studies on the MSS have been carried out in karstic areas. In a karstic environment, there are caves, and the scree-slope can be an intermediate place between the caves and the outside environment. The springtails that live in caves are not really from caves but from the infractions of the karstic terrain, which by definition is very broken. There are no caves in terrains such as the MSS de Guadarrama. In this paper, a continuation of five previously published [8,9,10,11], the fauna found in the same traps but in different periods of the year is compared, for a complete season. In addition to an important substitution of species between seasons, in the second period, a new species for science (Pseudosinella) that had not been captured in the first was detected. All these studies document the importance of the MSS biocenosis, demonstrating the enormous potential of this subterranean habitat as a refuge for fauna, and constitute a good tool for the management of natural spaces.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Site

The sampling was conducted in the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, located in the eastern half of the Central System in the Iberian Peninsula. It consists of an area 33,960 hectares, surrounded by a peripheral buffer zone of 62,687.26 hectares [12]. There are three mountainous axes (Siete Picos La Mujer Muerta, Montes Carpetanos, and Cuerda Larga) and an associated mountainous complex. The climate is Mediterranean, with marked continentality: winters are cold, and summers are cool and dry. A considerable variety of microclimates are derivate of the diverse topography of the mountains [13,14,15,16]. The study area is divided into three bioclimatic zones: supra-Mediterranean, oro-Mediterranean and cryo-Mediterranean [17,18]. The characteristics of these bioclimatic zones in the Sierra de Guadarrama are summarized in Ortuño et al. (2019) [19]. The snow also has importance, especially in areas that conserve snowfields for many months, such as in the cryo-Mediterranean and oro-Mediterranean scrub supra-forest zones.

2.2. Methodology

Thirty-three sampling points were established, located within the national park and its proximities, within the area declared a Peripheral Protection Area (Table 1, Figure 1): (a) five locations in Siete Picos and La Mujer Muerta, of which four had double SSDs (1 m and 0.5 m); (b) 15 localities in Montes Carpetanos, one of which had two TSPs installed and the remaining 14 an SSD of 1 m in length; (c) 12 localities with SSDs of 1 m in length, located in Cuerda Larga and its associated mountainous complex; and (d) two in Puerto de los Cotos-Puerto de Navacerrada. The methodology used for sampling was described in detail in Baquero et al. (2017) [8].
The sampling was performed by V. M. Ortuño, E. Ledesma, J. D. Gilgado, A. Jiménez Valverde, G. Pérez Suárez, and E. Baquero. Permits to collect samples were obtained from the appropriate authorities (General Directorate of Environment of the Community of Madrid and Territorial Service of the Environment of the Junta de Castilla y León). The traps (Table 1) were placed between 20 May 2015 and 9 July 2015, and the first series of samples was obtained first between 17 September 2015 and 6 November 2015, and then until dates close to May of 2016.
After the preliminary triage to separate the Collembola from the other taxons within the SSDs, some specimens of each OTU were selected and mounted in Hoyer’s medium for observation under a compound microscope in a phase contrast and DIC. Some specimens were cleared in Nesbitt’s fluid. The remaining samples were stored in 70% ethyl alcohol.
The macrochaetotaxy for Pseudosinella follows Gisin and Da Gama (1969), Szeptycki (1979), Soto Adames (2010), and Mateos (2008) [20,21,22,23]. The characters defined by Christiansen for Pseudosinella, used in a Delta key by Christiansen in Jordana et al. (2018) [24], were used for identification and descriptions. The equivalence between the notation proposed by Gisin (1965, 1967a, b) [25,26,27] and the AMS system sensu Soto-Adames 2010 [22] is given in Baquero et al. 2020 [28].
The abbreviations used are: a.s.l.—above sea level; Abd—abdomen or abdominal segment I–VI; accp—accessory posterior row sensillum; al—anterolateral s-chaeta; am—anteromedial s-chaeta; Ant—antennal or antenna/ae; Mc—Macrochaeta/ae; mes—mesochaeta; mic—microchaeta; PAO—Postantennal organ; pse—pseudopore; SSD—subterranean sampling devices; Th—thorax or thoracic segments II–III. Institutions: CAM—Comunidad de Madrid; JCL—Junta de Castilla y León; MNCN—Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid; National oMZNA—Museum of Zoology at the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.

3. Results

3.1. Faunistic

The data for the taxon Collembola obtained from the first period were: 42,735 specimens, 31 genera and 65 species (16 new species). In this period, the most representative genus was Orchesella, represented by two new species (Baquero et al. 2017) [8]. In the second period, catches were significantly lower: 20,098 specimens, two genera were added (Caprainea and Ceratophysella), and 13 species not caught in the initial period. Twenty-six of the species captured in the first period were not captured in this one.
If the taxonomic groups lower than Collembola (Orders and Families) are considered (only those that provide sufficient abundance to allow a comparison to be made) it can be said that: Entomobryomorpha specimens decrease in the second period; Poduromorpha behaves differently depending on the family, with the Hypogastruridae decreasing and the Onychiuridae increasing; Symphypleona, in general, increases considerably, although there is a family (Sminthuridae) that suffers an appreciable decline.
Given that the traps had been in the field for a period of six months, and the specimens deteriorate over time, especially if they are not submerged in propylene glycol promptly, some identifications refer to specimens that had fallen into the trap close to its collection date.

3.2. Taxonomy

Class Collembola Lubbock, 1870 [29].
Order Poduromorpha Börner, 1913 [30], sensu d’Haese 2002 [31].
Family Hypogastruridae Börner, 1906 [32].

3.2.1. Ceratophysella meridionalis (Steiner, 1955) [33] Nom. Nov. (http://zoobank.org/983D6632-E866-4DF8-AD0D-0364BCDC7EA9, accessed on 25 October 2022)

Studied material: pitfall SSD, 0.5 m and 1 m deep (since 17.IX.2015), trap SSD-01, 26.V.2016, 4 ♀♀, 1 ♂ (slide 04) and 134 specimens in ethyl alcohol; trap SSD–03, two specimens on slides 01 and 02 each, and 146 specimens in ethyl alcohol; trap SSD–08, five specimens on slide 04; trap SSD–17, three specimens on slide 04, two on slide 09 and 232 in ethyl alcohol; SSD–21, three specimens on slide 06 and 84 in ethyl alcohol. All Ortuño et al. leg., deposited at MZNA. Four syntypes from MNCN (9722, Cat. Tipos), slides numbered as: MNCN_Ent 106474; MNCN_Ent 106475; MNCN_Ent 106480; and MNCN_Ent 106481.

Description

Body length 1.3–2.0 mm. Body colour violet in alive specimens. Granulation rather coarse, 12–14 granules between chaetae p1 on Abd V (Yosii’s parameter) (Yoshii 1962) [34]. Along the head and body there are areas with fine granulation.
Antennae (Figure 2A,B). Ant IV with a big exsertile apical vesicle (av), subapical organite (or), microsensillum (ms), and 18 cylindrical and curved sensilla, 14–16 chaetae with rounded tip, and 21 acuminate chaetae. Ant III-organ with two short curved (rod-like) and two long (external) sensilla, 12 chaetae with ciliated half distal part (dorsal area), and six smooth chaetae (ventral area). Eversible sac (es) between Ant III–IV present (Figure 3). Ant II with eight ciliated (distal half, dorso-lateral) and five smooth chaetae (ventral). Ant I with seven chaetae, six ciliated at its tip (dorso-lateral).
Head. Ocelli 8 + 8. Head dorsal with a conspicuous tubercle (corneola-like structure following Stach 1964) [35] on either side lateral to chaeta sd1. PAO approximately two times the diameter of an ocelli, into a crevice, with two long and two short vesicles, and with an accessory boss (area with fine secondary granulation) (Figure 4 and Figure 5).
Mandibles with 4 or 5 teeth (asymmetric). Labrum with 5, 5, 4 chaetae, four prelabral chaetae present. Head of maxilla of the C. armata type. Maxillary outer lobe with two sublobal hairs. Labium of the C. armata type, with five papillae (A–E) and six proximal chaetae. Guard chaetae a1, b1, d2, e2 and lateral processes (l.p.) with rounded tip. Guards b2–4, d3–4, and e1–6 as long sensilla.
Chaetotaxy. Differentiation of dorsal chaetae into micro-, meso- and macrochaetae quite distinct. Head spine-like chaetae absent. Cephalic chaetae d2, d5, v2, p1, p4, p6, g1, g5 and l01 as Mc. Dorsal chaetotaxy of B type (sensu Gisin 1947 [36], Bourgeois and Cassagnau 1972, and Babenko et al. 1994) [37,38]. Apparently, all chaetae were pointed and serrated, and conspicuous from medium length chaetae. Th I with m1, m3 and m4 (following Jordana et al. 1997) [39]. Th II–III with Mc p2 and p3 shifted forward, p2 and p6 as Mc, and p4 and m6 as sensorial chaetae (s); Th II with microsensillum (ms), and chaetae a2 as long as a3 (Figure 5). Abd I–II with p2, and p7 as Mc, and p5 as sensorial chaetae (s); Abd III with p2, p3, p4 and p7 as Mc, and p5 as sensorial chaetae (s); Abd IV with p1, p4 p6 and p7 as Mc, p5 as sensorial chaetae (s); Abd V with p1-2 and p7 as Mc, and p3 as sensorial chaetae (s); Abd VI with many Mc. Body s-chaetae were relatively long, but shorter than macrochaetae, only those on Abd V were as long as macrochaetae (Figure 6).
Tibiotarsi I, II, III with 19, 19, 18 chaetae, respectively, including a clavate tenent hair longer than the claw in each. Claws with a big inner tooth and two pairs of lateral teeth. Empodial appendage with broad basal lamella and apical filament reaching slightly below inner tooth (ratio empodial filament: inner edge of claw : 0.70) (Figure 7A). Ventral tube with 4 + 4 chaetae (two apical and two basal).
Retinaculum with 4 + 4 teeth. Furca well developed. Ratio dens/mucro: 1.79. Dens with medium size granulation and two prominent tubercles between the two more distal chaetae (variable shape between specimens); seven dorsal chaetae of which one of the basal is slightly longer. Mucro with a sharpening tip, and with clear outer lamella (variable shape between specimens) (Figure 7B).
Anal spines 0.8 times shorter than inner edge of claw, slightly curved, situated on long papillae the same length as the colorless spine (Figure 6).

Ecology

In this project, five samples appeared, three in the highest part of the Montes Carpetanos (SSD-08, SSD-17 and SSD-21) and two on the north-face of La Mujer Muerta (SSD-01 and SSD-03). It seems linked to higher and colder areas.

Remarks

In 1955, Steiner [33] described a new species of Hypogastura s. str. from specimens collected above Cercedilla (Sierra de Guadarrama, Madrid, Spain). The description of the species is well documented but only the furca, the claw, and the anal spine are represented. We have considered important a re-description of this species due to the original description missing some characteristics that have recently been revealed as necessary. For this, not only the specimens collected by us (7851 ex.) but also four syntypes from the MNCN (Madrid) have been studied in detail. The species belongs to the armata-group (group B), Abd IV with p1 as macrochaeta (Thibaud et al. 2004) [40] and subgroup B1 (Abd IV with chaeta p3) (Bourgeois and Cassagnau 1972) [37]. It also has an accessory tubercle near the eyes on both sides of the head, similarly to C. sinensis Stach, 1964 [35] described from China, and also H. tooliki Fjellberg, 1985 [41], from Alaska and Magadan (Russia). The first species, unlike C. meridionalis, has the following diagnostic characteristics: color brown; body chaetae smooth; seven dorsal sensilla on dorsal, and some hook-like sensillum on the ventral side of Ant IV; head accessory tubercles are smooth, resembling a corneola; tenent hair short; empodial appendage short; dens basal chaeta two times the length of the other; dens without distal tubercles; dens to mucro ratio almost three times; mucro boat-like (rounded tip), and outer lamella not very developed; anal spines rounded at the tip, slender and not curved (Babenko et al. 1994) [38]. The second one has fine and uniform integumentary granulation, a weak difference between the body chaetae, all of them short and acuminate, body chaetae, and sensilla of the same size as the body chaetae.
None of the descriptions coincide with the description made, in his day, by Steiner or with the one made here. There is a clear heterochaetosis, with macrochaetae and microchaetae, the latter between ⅔ and ½ of the length of the Mc, all (Mc and mic) ciliated or with serrations, except for the sensilla that are smooth and longer or as long as the Mc. The furca is characteristic and as described by Steiner (1955) but has many sensilla and sensory chaetae of different types on the antenna (Figure 7B); very different from Steiner’s description and from that drawn by Jordana and Arbea in 1997 (Fauna Ibérica). Between Ant III and IV, the antenna has an eversible sac (Figure 3), characteristic of Ceratophysella. The shape of the PAO in Ceratophysella species is usually elongated (not as a rosette), as is also the case in this species.
When studying the definitions of the genera of Ceratophysella and Hypogastrura, it is observed that all the characteristics considered have exceptions, except heterochaetosis. In addition, since this species has clear heterochaetosis, it is considered to belong to the genus Ceratophysella. It is likely that DNA techniques can shed light on the difficulties of assigning a species to each of the genera.
Order Entomobryomorpha Börner, 1913 [30], sensu Soto-Adames et al. 2008 [42].
Family Lepidocyrtidae Wahlgren, 1906 [43] sensu Zang et al., 2015 [44].
Subfamily Lepidocyrtinae Wahlgren, 1906 [43].
Genus Pseudosinella Schäffer, 1897 [45].

3.2.2. Pseudosinella impariciliata Baquero and Jordana Sp. Nov. (http://zoobank.org/17F77B1C-1527-4D37-93AD-A1D95AD20476, accessed on 24 October 2022)

Type Locality

Corrales de la Majada Minguete, (30 T 4100 45166, 1818 m a.s.l.), Sierra de Guadarrama, Segovia, Spain.

Type Material

Holotype. ♀, trap SSD-02 (slide 09), 26.v.2016, pitfall SSD (since 5.x.2015), Ortuño et al. leg. Paratypes. Same data as holotype: three specimens on slide (02), one each on slides 02, 10 and 11, and 48 (approximately) in ethyl alcohol.

Etymology

The name refers to the asymmetry of the prelabral chaetae, the central ones ciliated and the lateral ones smooth.

Diagnosis

Blue body pigment, including antennae and first leg segments. Head with 6 + 6 eyes; A0, A2 and A3 as Mc; basomedian labial fields chaetae smooth; posterior labial row with M1, m2, R*, e, L1 and L2 Mc; three plus one anterior postlabial chaetae as ciliate Mc. Th II–III without Mc; Abd II with chaeta a2p present, a3 forward from ‘as’ sensilla; a2 as mic, and m3 as ciliated Mc; Abd IV with three median mac (C1, B5–6), four ciliated mic behind anterior bothriotrichum (some fan-shaped) and bothriothrichal complex mic D1p present; claw with three internal teeth: two basal and one unpaired; empodium acuminate.

Description

Body length up to 1.90 mm, head included, excluding antennae (holotype: 1.80 mm). Color: dark blue on the whole body. Scales absent on antennae and legs, present on ventral and dorsal head, thorax, and abdomen dorsally, and furcula (dorsal and ventrally).
Head. Antennal head ratio 1.5 (n = 3). Ant IV without apical bulb, apical organite and accessory sensilla as in Figure 8A. Ant III sense organ with two rod-shaped sensilla (Figure 8B). 6  +  6 eyes (A–D, F–G). Head dorsal chaetotaxy with A0, A2 and A3 as Mc, A2a present, and 22 chaetae at An row (eight as Mc); interocular t and p chaetae present (p as Mc) (Figure 8C); 4/554 chaetae on labral margin, prelabral external smooth and internal ciliated; labral a, m, and p row smooth (Figure 8D). Labral papillae absent, or not visible. Maxillary palp bifurcate with three smooth sublobal chaetae. Labial papilla (l.p.) E with finger-shaped process not extending to the base of apical appendage (Figure 8E). Labial row with M1, m2, R*, e, L1 and L2 Mc (R half to two-thirds of M; one specimen with M2 ciliated, asymmetric). Postlabial chaetotaxy with 3 + 1 ciliated central Mc along the groove (Figure 8F).
Abdomen chaetotaxy (Figure 9 and Figure 10). Abd II: mi and ml chaetae over bothriotrichum (m2); a2p (p) present as slightly ciliated mic; a2 (A) as mes; m3 (B) as Mc; ‘as’ over m3 and a2, and a3 far above a2; m3e and p4 (q1 and q2) as smooth (at least p4) mic; lm and ll as slightly ciliated mic over bothriotrichum (a5); a6, m4, m6 and p5 as smooth mic; m5 as mes; the rest of the chaetae are not seen. Abd III: mi, ml and a2 as broadened ciliated mic (fan-shaped) over bothriotrichum (m2); ‘as’ before m3 that is apparently smooth; a3, m4 and p3 as mic (shape not seen), a3 not very up; im, li, lm and a6 as slightly ciliated pointed mic surrounding bothriotrichum (a5); em, am6, a7 and a7′ (additional) as mic under and near a5 bothriotrichum; pm6 and p6 as Mc with d3 between them; ‘ms’ (d2) between p5 and p6; m7 as mic and p7a as mes; m7–m9, p7 and p9 not seen clearly. Abd IV with three median mac (C1, B5–6; ratio between C1-B5/B5-B6 near 1.00, n = 2), and 7 lateral mac (D3, E2–4, F1–3); T5 as mic, D2, E4p, F3p, T6 and T7 as mes; before T2 bothriotrichum four ciliated mic (a, m, s and D1) some fan-shaped; pi and pe as ciliated fan-shape mic.
Legs. The legs are without scales. Trochanteral organ with 12–17 close spine-like chaetae (Figure 11A). Claw with three teeth on inner edge: paired at 50% and unpaired at 75% with respect to the internal claw edge length; two lateral teeth at 10–20%, and basal dorsal. Empodium acuminate, all legs with serrated pe lamella (very minute serration on leg 3), other lamellae smooth (ae, ai, pi); claw:empodium ratio = 1:0.65. Tibiotarsus III distally with one inner smooth chaeta 0.60 longer than claw; tenent hairs capitate, smooth, and 0.70 shorter than claw (Figure 11B).
Furcula. Manubrium and dens with scales both dorsal and ventrally, and with the same length; manubrial plate with three internal and 14–16 external chaetae, and 2 pse (Figure 11C). Non-ringed area of dens 3.5–4 times the length of mucro, with subapical tooth a little smaller than apical tooth. (Figure 11D).
Macrochaetotaxy. Reduced formula (from Gisin 1965, 1967a, b) [25,26,27]: R0R1R2000/00/0101 + 2/s, pABq1q2, M1m2R*eL1L2 (* ½ to 2/3 of M; sometimes M2 ciliated, asymmetric). Details in Figure 8 and Figure 9.

Ecology

The species is scarcely distributed in the MSS of Sierra de Guadarrama since it has only been found at one of the sampling points. The sampling area, at 1818 m asl, in the oro-Mediterranean bioclimatic zone, has the important forest influence of Pinus sylvestris L. The rock substrate is orthogneisses (Vialette et al. 1987) [46], and its characteristics facilitate the fracture of this material, which allowed its fragmentation during glacial (Pedraza and Carrasco 2005) [47] and periglacial (Sanz 1986) [48] events, usually in the form of large and medium-sized scree. The MSS where SSD-2 was installed shows a profile with an accumulation of large rocks at higher levels, and as depths reach 1 m, the size of the rock is reduced. Infiltration of black earth rich in organic matter was observed, but the MSS conserves the subterranean tridimensional network of fissures and interstices.

Remarks

The species that share the traditional formula of Gisin are in addition to P. gonzaloi Baquero and Jordana, 2021, and P. valverdei Baquero and Jordana, 2021 [10]. P. gonzaloi has the sensilla of the Ant III sensory organ, being rod-like, all labral chaetae ciliated (at least on its half distal part), the eyes in other positions, chaeta E on ventral labial row ciliated, four teeth on internal or ventral claw, and a different number of chaetae on the manubrial plate (7–8). P. valverdei has only five eyes, prelabral chaetae smooth, L1 and L2 chaetae on ventral labial row smooth, and four teeth on the internal or ventral claw. Curiously, these two species have been described in the same mountain massif. This species could have gone unnoticed among the thousands of specimens of Pseudosinella and Lepidocyrtus found in the first period. Most of the specimens were very deteriorated after remaining between several days and six months in the propylene glycol of the traps.

4. General Discussion

The difference between the catches of the first period and the second, when comparing the species found, is striking. Many of the species well represented and in abundance during the period between May and October went from high numbers (tens of thousands of individuals) to only hundreds in the following period (October to May), and in some cases, even a few units or disappear (Entomobrya ledesmai Jordana and Baquero, 2021 and Pseudosinella gonzaloi Baquero and Jordana, 2021) (see Table 2). The opposite also happens: species little represented in the first period increase in their abundance in the second, going from hundreds to thousands, even in one case, from complete absence to being one of the most abundant species with thousands of specimens (Lepidocyrtus labyrinthi Baquero and Jordana, 2021 and Hypogastrura papillata Gisin, 1949 [49]). There is a case to comment on: C.  meridionalis Steiner, 1955 [33] was the most abundant species in the first period and seemed to be replaced by H. papillata. During the placement of the traps, a few weeks before the month of May, it was possible to see accumulations of this species on the surface, under the slabs of cattle excrement in the highland meadows. This indicates that it is present, at least during part of the year, on the surface of the ground. Finding it during the following months in the MSS confirms that it moves vertically on the ground during the year, and the fact that between May and October 621 specimens were captured in the traps indicates that during this period it prefers the surface.
This reasoning cannot be applied to other abundant species between May and October (Orchesella colluvialis, Lepidocyrtus paralignorum, Entomobrya guadarramensis, E. ledesmai) since they are not species detected on the surface at any time before. The decrease in their abundance between May and October must be due to other reasons; for example, biological cycles adapted to temperature or food availability.
No reference has been made to other papers that refer to karstic MSS because this biotope is granitic. The fauna found in this granitic MSS is mainly its own fauna, as has been shown in our previous works. This study indicates that the colluvial MSS has a particular species composition for the taxon Collembola, demonstrating that the MSS should not be considered a mere ecotone between the surface and the deep subterranean ecosystem, but rather as a perfectly differentiated habitat.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, drawings, writing—review and editing, E.B. and R.J.; original draft preparation, E.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

Part of this research was funded by the project ‘Estudio de la diversidad y distribución de las especies animales residentes en el Medio Subterráneo Superficial de enclaves de Alta Montaña (P. N. de la Sierra de Guadarrama)’ [Study of the diversity and distribution of the animal species of the Mesovoid Shallow Substratum in enclaves of high Mountain (Sierra de Guadarrama National Park)], conceded by the Autonomous Organism of National Parks of Spain. Ref. (1143/2014).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to Spanish laws, which do not require permission from an institutional ethics committee on the use of animals for taxonomical studies with micro-arthropods.

Data Availability Statement

All data is contained within the article. Collected specimens have been deposited in the collection of the Museum of Zoology, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Navarra (MZNA).

Acknowledgments

We would like to express our gratitude to the other members of the research team who were responsible for developing this project: Gonzalo Pérez-Suárez, Alberto Jiménez-Valverde, Alberto Sendra, Pablo Barranco, Alberto Tinaut, Luis Subías and Juan José Herrero-Borgoñón. Finally, the field work could not have been completed without the valuable collaboration of the authorities responsible for the national park as well as other workers (biologists, forestry agents and staff of the Oficina de Atención a la Población Local—Sector Lozoya—and the Centro de Visitantes Peñalara). In particular, we extend our thanks to Patricia Riquelme, Pablo Sanjuanbenito, Juan A. Vielva, Javier Donés, Marisol Redondo, Ignacio Granados, Ángel Rubio, César Martín, José Carrillo, Miguel Ángel Palomar, Ángel Velasco, Germán Mato, Manuel Criado, Enrique Calvo, Federico Madejón, Aurora de la Rosa and Montserrat Sanz. We thank the reviewers for their careful reading of our manuscript and their many insightful comments and suggestions, which have allowed us to produce a more robust manuscript. We would also like to thank Carolina Martín and Mercedes París, from the National Museum of Natural Sciences-CSIC (Madrid) for their kindness in promptly sending us the necessary types for this paper. The comments of both reviewers have been very useful and have significantly improved the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Insects 13 01025 g001 550
Figure 1. Maps of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park. Basic orography (left), and habitats that occupy greater surfaces (right). The spatial location of the sampling points is indicated and numbered.
Figure 1. Maps of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park. Basic orography (left), and habitats that occupy greater surfaces (right). The spatial location of the sampling points is indicated and numbered.
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Insects 13 01025 g002 550
Figure 2. Ceratophysella meridionalis: antennal segments I to IV, dorsal view at left (A); ventral view at right (B) (av, apical vesicle; ms, microsensillum; or, subapical organite; es, eversible sac) (scale bar, 0.05 mm).
Figure 2. Ceratophysella meridionalis: antennal segments I to IV, dorsal view at left (A); ventral view at right (B) (av, apical vesicle; ms, microsensillum; or, subapical organite; es, eversible sac) (scale bar, 0.05 mm).
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Insects 13 01025 g003 550
Figure 3. Ceratophysella meridionalis: eversible sac, two different views (scale bar, 0.05 mm).
Figure 3. Ceratophysella meridionalis: eversible sac, two different views (scale bar, 0.05 mm).
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Insects 13 01025 g004 550
Figure 4. Ceratophysella meridionalis: ocular area, with PAO at left (a) and tubercle at right (b) (scale bar, 0.02 mm).
Figure 4. Ceratophysella meridionalis: ocular area, with PAO at left (a) and tubercle at right (b) (scale bar, 0.02 mm).
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Insects 13 01025 g005 550
Figure 5. Ceratophysella meridionalis: head and Th I–III, with detail on some of the chaetae (scale bars: head and thoracic tergites, 0.1 mm; chaetae: 0.01 mm).
Figure 5. Ceratophysella meridionalis: head and Th I–III, with detail on some of the chaetae (scale bars: head and thoracic tergites, 0.1 mm; chaetae: 0.01 mm).
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Insects 13 01025 g006 550
Figure 6. Ceratophysella meridionalis: Abd I–VI, with detail on some of the chaetae (scale bars: abdominal tergites, 0.1 mm; chaetae, 0.02 mm).
Figure 6. Ceratophysella meridionalis: Abd I–VI, with detail on some of the chaetae (scale bars: abdominal tergites, 0.1 mm; chaetae, 0.02 mm).
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Insects 13 01025 g007 550
Figure 7. Ceratophysella meridionalis: (A) tibiotarsi; (B) dentes and mucro, with detail of the variations in the lamellae of mucro shape (C) and tubercle shaped teeth (D) (scale bar, 0.05 mm).
Figure 7. Ceratophysella meridionalis: (A) tibiotarsi; (B) dentes and mucro, with detail of the variations in the lamellae of mucro shape (C) and tubercle shaped teeth (D) (scale bar, 0.05 mm).
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Insects 13 01025 g008 550
Figure 8. Pseudosinella impariciliata Baquero and Jordana sp. nov.: (A) Abd IV subapical organite, and accessory chaetae; (B) rod-shaped sensilla of the Ant III sensory organ; (C) dorsal head chaetotaxy; (D) prelabral and labral chaetae; (E) labial papilla E; (F) post-labial chaetae (scale bars: (A,B) 0.001 mm; (C,F) 0.05 mm; (D,E) 0.01 mm).
Figure 8. Pseudosinella impariciliata Baquero and Jordana sp. nov.: (A) Abd IV subapical organite, and accessory chaetae; (B) rod-shaped sensilla of the Ant III sensory organ; (C) dorsal head chaetotaxy; (D) prelabral and labral chaetae; (E) labial papilla E; (F) post-labial chaetae (scale bars: (A,B) 0.001 mm; (C,F) 0.05 mm; (D,E) 0.01 mm).
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Insects 13 01025 g009 550
Figure 9. Pseudosinella impariciliata Baquero and Jordana sp. nov.: Abd II–III chaetotaxy (scale bar, 0.05 mm).
Figure 9. Pseudosinella impariciliata Baquero and Jordana sp. nov.: Abd II–III chaetotaxy (scale bar, 0.05 mm).
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Insects 13 01025 g010 550
Figure 10. Pseudosinella impariciliata Baquero and Jordana sp. nov.: Abd IV chaetotaxy (scale bar, 0.1 mm).
Figure 10. Pseudosinella impariciliata Baquero and Jordana sp. nov.: Abd IV chaetotaxy (scale bar, 0.1 mm).
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Insects 13 01025 g011 550
Figure 11. Pseudosinella impariciliata Baquero and Jordana sp. nov.: (A) trochanteral organ; (B) claw of leg III; (C) pseudopores and chaetae of manubrial plate; (D) distal area of dentes and mucro (scale bar, 0.05 mm).
Figure 11. Pseudosinella impariciliata Baquero and Jordana sp. nov.: (A) trochanteral organ; (B) claw of leg III; (C) pseudopores and chaetae of manubrial plate; (D) distal area of dentes and mucro (scale bar, 0.05 mm).
Insects 13 01025 g011
Table
Table 1. Location of the traps in the mountain areas of the Sierra de Guadarrama. Values: depth: meter; UTM coordinates: 100 × 100 m; altitude: m a.s.l. Abbreviations: SSD, subterranean sampling device.
Table 1. Location of the traps in the mountain areas of the Sierra de Guadarrama. Values: depth: meter; UTM coordinates: 100 × 100 m; altitude: m a.s.l. Abbreviations: SSD, subterranean sampling device.
Mountain Areas of the Sierra de GuadarramaCodeDepth (m)UTM Coordinates
(100 × 100 m)		AltitudeToponymy/ProvinceDate of Trap InstallationDate of Trap RecoveryOrientation
Siete Picos-La Mujer MuertaSSD-01130 T 4081 45,2041606Cancho del Río Peces/Segovia20 May 201517 September 2015North
SSD-01 (0.5)0.5
SSD-02130 T 4100 45,1661818Corrales de la Majada Minguete/Segovia20 May 201517 September 2015Northeast
SSD-02 (0.5)0.5
SSD-03130 T 4068 45,1921622Umbría de la Mujer Muerta/Segovia21 May 201517 September 2015North
SSD-03 (0.5)0.5
SSD-04130 T 4056 45,1811685Majada Conejo/Segovia21 May 201517 September 2015Northwest
SSD-04 (0.5)0.5
SSD-11130 T 4108 45,1611876Cerro Ventoso/Madrid9 June 201517 September 2015East
Puerto de los Cotos-Puerto de NavacerradaSSD-05130 T 4166 45,1591923Arroyo Seco/Segovia27 May 201522 September 2015Northwest
SSD-06130 T 4179 45,1851787La Pedriza/Segovia27 May 201522 September 2015Northwest
Montes CarpetanosSSD-07130 T 4185 45,2291994Majada Hambrienta/Segovia2 June 201517 September 2015Northwest
SSD-08130 T 4190 45,2312071Majada Aranguez/Segovia2 June 201517 September 2015Northwest
SSD-09130 T 4187 45,2112208Dos Hermanas/Madrid3 June 20155 October 2015East
SSD-10130 T 4191 45,2132049Hoya de la Laguna Grande/Madrid3 June 20155 October 2015East
SSD-16130 T 4334 45,3891956Las Revueltas-Los Horcos/Segovia23 June 20157 October 2015West
SSD-17130 T 4347 45,4141976Peña del Buitre/Segovia23 June 20157 October 2015Northwest
SSD-18130 T 4373 45,4381885Los Loberos/Segovia23 June 20157 October 2015Northwest
SSD-19130 T 4224 45,3071866La Gelecha-La Flecha/Madrid24 June 20156 October 2015Southeast
SSD-20130 T 4226 45,3321937Cerro de Navahonda/Segovia24 June 20156 October 2015Northeast
SSD-21130 T 4211 45,2741891El Paredón/Madrid24 June 20156 October 2015Northeast
SSD-22130 T 4304 45,3761995Alto del Puerto/Segovia24 June 201522 September 2015North
SSD-23130 T 4288 45,3672144Circo del Pico Nevero/Madrid25 June 20156 October 2015Southeast
SSD-24130 T 4274 45,3572042Peñacabra/Madrid25 June 201522 October 2015East
SSD-25130 T 4249 45,4071731Arroyo del Charco (La Cepa)/Segovia2 July 201522 October 2015Northwest
TSP-10.830 T 4314 45,3761780Puerto de Navafría/Segovia24 June 201522 September 2015North
TSP-20.830 T 4314 45,3761780Puerto de Navafría/Segovia24 June 201522 September 2015North
Cuerda Larga and Associated Mountainous complexSSD-12130 T 4180 45,1382102Collado del Piornal/Madrid9 June 201522 September 2015North
SSD-13130 T 4179 45,1352113Los Almorchones-Las Buitreras/Madrid10 June 201522 September 2015Southwest
SSD-14130 T 4274 45,2241406El Purgatorio/Madrid18 June 20155 October 2015West
SSD-15130 T 4273 45,2241375Hueco de los Ángeles/Madrid18 June 20155 October 2015Northeast
SSD-26130 T 4309 45,1861890La Najarra-Cuatro Calles/Madrid2 July 201530 October 2015East
SSD-27130 T 4270 45,1852101Bailaderos/Madrid2 July 201530 October 2015North
SSD-28130 T 4193 45,1642156Collado de Valdemartín/Madrid3 July 20156 November 2015North
SSD-29130 T 4211 45,1682301Cabeza de Hierro Mayor Menor/Madrid3 July 20156 November 2015Crest
SSD-30130 T 4227 45,1702233Collado de Peña Vaqueros (Loma de Pandasco)/Madrid3 July 20156 November 2015Crest
SSD-31130 T 4288 45,1841946Collado de la Najarra/Madrid9 July 201522 October 2015North
SSD-32130 T 4285 45,1871948Arroyo de La Najarra/Madrid9 July 201522 October 2015Northeast
SSD-33130 T 4286 45,1881819Arroyo de La Najarra/Madrid9 July 201522 October 2015North
Table
Table 2. Total list of species found in the sampling, in the two sessions, ordered by abundance for the first extraction from the traps. The numbers are the total number of specimens for each species.
Table 2. Total list of species found in the sampling, in the two sessions, ordered by abundance for the first extraction from the traps. The numbers are the total number of specimens for each species.
SpeciesMay–OctoberOctober–MayTotal
Ceratophysella meridionalis (Steiner, 1955) nom. nov.72306217851
* Orchesella colluvialis Jordana and Baquero, 201771505757725
* Lepidocyrtus paralignorum Baquero and Jordana, 2021648086488
* Entomobrya guadarramensis Jordana and Baquero, 202154552025657
* Entomobrya ledesmai Jordana and Baquero, 2021410904109
* Pseudosinella valverdei Baquero and Jordana, 2021250514613966
* Orchesella mesovoides Baquero and Jordana, 201719821782160
* Pygmarrhopalites custodum Baquero and Jordana, 2021153148016332
Heteromurus major (Moniez, 1889)130224353737
Xenylla schillei Börner, 1903106621068
* Pseudosinella gonzaloi Baquero and Jordana, 20219060906
Xenylla maritima Tullberg, 186961526641
* Pachyotoma penalarensis Baquero and Jordana, 20215385101048
Lepidocyrtus tellecheae Arbea and Jordana, 19903473350
* Lepidocyrtus labyrinthi Baquero and Jordana, 202128026872967
Gisinurus malatestai Dallai, 19702282230
Protaphorura subparallata (Selga, 1962)22734103637
Tetracanthella proxima Steiner, 19552159224
Pseudosinella simoni Jordana and Baquero, 20071377144
Pseudisotoma monochaeta (Kos, 1942)61355416
Xenylla lotharingiae Thibaud, 196345045
* Allacma cryptica Baquero and Jordana, 202145045
Hypogastrura affinis (Steiner, 1955)38038
Protaphorura valsainiensis (Acón, 1981)37037
Entomobrya albocincta (Templeton, 1836) 24024
* Lepidocyrtus purgatori Baquero and Jordana, 202122022
Pygmarrhopalites elegans Cassagnau and Delamare Deboutteville, 195327027
Lepidocyrtus lusitanicus nigrus Simón-Benito, 200719019
Protaphorura florae Simón-Benito and Luciáñez, 199418018
* Schaefferia sendrai Jordana and Baquero 202012517
Protaphorura spinoidea (Steiner, 1955)11011
Xenylla nitida Tullberg, 1971909
Arrhopalites caecus (Tullberg, 1871)909
* Friesea ortugnoi Jordana and Baquero, 2020819
Megalothorax minimus Willem, 1909707
Folsomia trisetata Jordana and Ardanaz, 1881538
Sminthurinus gisini Gama 1961505
Sphaeridia pumilis (Krausbauer, 1898)505
Isotomurus sp.426
Xenylla mediterranea Gama, 1964303
Dicyrtomina minuta (Fabricius, 1783)303
Folsomides portucalensis Gama, 1961202
Uzelia kuehnelti Cassagnau, 1954202
Hypogastrura conflictiva Jordana and Arbea, 1992202
Bilobella aurantiaca (Caroli, 1912)268
Entomobrya nicoleti (Lubbock, 1870)101
Parisotoma notabilis (Schäffer, 1896)112
Tetracanthella orbaicetensis Cassagnau, 1959101
Mesogastrura ojcoviensis (Stach, 1919)112
Pseudachorutes palmiensis Börner, 1903134
Fasciosminthurus sp.101
Sminthurides sp.101
Hypogastrura papillata Gisin, 1949022862286
Ceratophysella cf. bengtssoni (Ågren, 1904)0363363
* Pseudosinella impariciliata Baquero and Jordana, 202105454
Sminthurinus aureus04949
Ceratophysella succinea (Gisin, 1949)01111
Ceratophysella engadinensis(Gisin, 1949)01010
Pseudosinella templadoi Simón and Selga, 1977066
Caprainea sp.011
Ceratophysella cf. gibbosa (Bagnall, 1940)011
Folsomia manolachei Bagnall, 1939011
Folsomia quadrioculata (Tullberg, 1871)011
Protaphorura glebata (Gisin, 1952)011
42,73520,09862,833
*  Indicates that it is a species described as new in relation to the Project and the publications derived from it. The species not identified to species level were juveniles or damaged specimens.
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Baquero, E.; Jordana, R. Collembola from Two Samplings in the MSS of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park in Two Different Seasons, with Description of a New Species. Insects 2022, 13, 1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13111025

AMA Style

Baquero E, Jordana R. Collembola from Two Samplings in the MSS of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park in Two Different Seasons, with Description of a New Species. Insects. 2022; 13(11):1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13111025

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baquero, Enrique, and Rafael Jordana. 2022. "Collembola from Two Samplings in the MSS of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park in Two Different Seasons, with Description of a New Species" Insects 13, no. 11: 1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13111025

APA Style

Baquero, E., & Jordana, R. (2022). Collembola from Two Samplings in the MSS of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park in Two Different Seasons, with Description of a New Species. Insects, 13(11), 1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13111025

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