Biological Control: A Major Component of the Pest Management Program for the Invasive Coconut Scale Insect, Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne, in the Philippines
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Survey and Sample Collection
2.2. Estimation of Field Parasitization Levels
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Distribution of A. rigidus and C. calauanica in Southern Tagalog Region Survey Sites
3.2. Field Parasitism of C. calauanica on A. rigidus in Selected Sites in Southern Tagalog Region, Luzon Island and in the Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao Island
3.3. Putative Host Density Dependence of Parasitism by C. calauanica Number
3.4. Impact of Parasitization by C. calauanica on A. rigidus Populations and Recovery of Coconut Trees
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | August 2014 | December 2014 | January 2015 | June 2015 | June 2016 | September 2018 | January 2019 | January 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cavite | ||||||||
Silang | 12 (12) | 12 (3) | 12 (0) | 12 (0) | ||||
Tagaytay | 12 (11) | 12 (12) | 12 (0) | 12 (0) | ||||
Batangas | ||||||||
Talisay | 12 (12) | 12 (12) | 12 (0) | 12 (0) | ||||
Tanauan | 12 (12) | 12 (12) | 12 (0) | 12 (0) | ||||
Santo Tomas | 12 (12) | 12 (0) | 12 (0) | |||||
Laguna | ||||||||
San Pablo A | 12 (12) | 12 (12) | 12 (0) | 12 (0) | ||||
San Pablo B | 12 (12) | 12 (12) | 12 (0) | |||||
Nagcarlan | 12 (12) | 12 (12) | 12 (0) | 12 (0) | ||||
Zamboanga Peninsula | ||||||||
Isabela City | 12 (11) | 120 (6) | ||||||
Zamboanga City | 120 (102) | 120 (18) | ||||||
Zamboanga Del Norte | 120 (52) | |||||||
Zamboanga Del Sur | 120 (33) | 72 (0) | ||||||
Zamboanga Sibugay | 120 (41) | 60 (34) | 84 (6) |
Point | Aspidiotus rigidus | Comperiella calauanica |
---|---|---|
Cavite | ||
Silang | + | + |
Tagaytay | + | + |
Batangas | ||
Malvar | + | + |
Talisay | + | + |
Tanauan | + | + |
Santo Tomas | + | + |
Quezon | ||
Tiaong | − | − |
Candelaria | + * | + * |
Sariaya | − | − |
Tayabas | − | − |
Lucban | − | − |
Laguna | ||
Calauan | + | + |
Alaminos | + | + |
Los Baños | + | + |
Rizal | + | + |
San Pablo | − | − |
Luisiana | − | − |
Cavinti | − | − |
Pagsanjan | − | − |
Sta. Cruz | − | − |
Liliw | − | − |
Nagcarlan | + | + |
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Almarinez, B.J.M.; Barrion, A.T.; Navasero, M.V.; Navasero, M.M.; Cayabyab, B.F.; Carandang, J.S.R., VI; Legaspi, J.C.; Watanabe, K.; Amalin, D.M. Biological Control: A Major Component of the Pest Management Program for the Invasive Coconut Scale Insect, Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne, in the Philippines. Insects 2020, 11, 745. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110745
Almarinez BJM, Barrion AT, Navasero MV, Navasero MM, Cayabyab BF, Carandang JSR VI, Legaspi JC, Watanabe K, Amalin DM. Biological Control: A Major Component of the Pest Management Program for the Invasive Coconut Scale Insect, Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne, in the Philippines. Insects. 2020; 11(11):745. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110745
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmarinez, Billy Joel M., Alberto T. Barrion, Mario V. Navasero, Marcela M. Navasero, Bonifacio F. Cayabyab, Jose Santos R. Carandang, VI, Jesusa C. Legaspi, Kozo Watanabe, and Divina M. Amalin. 2020. "Biological Control: A Major Component of the Pest Management Program for the Invasive Coconut Scale Insect, Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne, in the Philippines" Insects 11, no. 11: 745. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110745