Overwintering States of the Pale Grass Blue Butterfly Zizeeria maha (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) at the Time of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident in March 2011
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Butterfly, its Host Plant, and the Overwintering Period
2.2. Previous Field Surveys in 2011–2013
2.3. Field Surveys in 2018 and 2019
2.4. Body Size Measurements and Estimates of Larval Instars
2.5. The Lower Development Threshold and the Effective Accumulated Temperature
2.6. Rearing Experiment
2.7. Public Climate Records
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Habitats and the Host Plants in the Field
3.2. Overwintering States in the Field
3.3. Body Sizes of the Overwintering Larva, Prepupa, and Pupa
3.4. Effective Accumulated Temperatures
3.5. Rearing Experiment for Prepupal and Pupal Durations
3.6. Eclosion Dates in 2011
3.7. Estimates of Developmental Stages and Instars at the Time of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident
3.8. Estimates of Body Sizes on 15 March 2011
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Locality | Date | Number of Found Individuals | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First Instar | Second Instar | Third Instar | Fourth Instar | Fifth Instar | Prepupa | Pupa | Total | ||
Rifu | 10 March 2019 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
10 April 2019 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
Fukushima | 10 March 2018 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
12 March 2019 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | |
11 April 2019 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 9 | |
Iwaki | 12 March 2018 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
9 March 2019 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | |
12 April 2019 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | |
Tokai | 12 March 2019 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Kozaki | 13 March 2019 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
13 April 2019 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 12 | |
Total | 1 | 36 | 20 | 11 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 71 |
Longitudinal Length [mm] | Transverse Width [mm] | n | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Min. | Max. | Mean ± SD | Min. | Max. | ||
First instar | 2.48 | NA | NA | 1.08 | NA | NA | 1 |
Second instar | 4.98 ± 0.83 | 3.13 | 6.32 | 1.92 ± 0.36 | 1.22 | 2.66 | 36 |
Third instar | 7.50 ± 0.58 | 6.67 | 8.56 | 3.07 ± 0.40 | 2.60 | 3.92 | 20 |
Fourth instar | 10.22 ± 0.68 | 9.24 | 11.46 | 3.98 ± 0.51 | 3.12 | 5.10 | 11 |
Fifth instar | 12.67 | NA | NA | 4.76 | NA | NA | 1 |
Prepupa | 9.88 | NA | NA | 4.00 | NA | NA | 1 |
Pupa | 9.38 ± 0.41 | 8.64 | 9.71 | 3.94 ± 0.22 | 3.55 | 4.19 | 5 * |
Individual No. | Starting Instar | Prepupa | Pupa | Adult | Death | Parasitoid |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Second instar | - | - | - | 18 April | NA |
2 | Second instar | - | - | - | 23 April | Wasp |
3 | Second instar | - | - | - | 18 April | NA |
4 | Third instar | 30 April | 6 May | 24 May | NA | NA |
5 | Third instar | 27 April | 29 April | 22 May | NA | NA |
6 | Third instar | 5 May | - | - | 9 May | Fly |
7 | Third instar | 30 April | - | - | 6 May | Fly |
8 | Fifth instar | 19 April | - | - | 28 April | Fly |
First Instar | Second Instar | Third Instar | Fourth Instar | Fifth Instar | Prepupa | Pupa | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fukushima | 4 | 25 | 34 | 132 | 12 | 5 | 13 | 225 |
Motomiya | 4 | 24 | 35 | 134 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 228 |
Hirono | 5 | 22 | 26 | 137 | 17 | 6 | 16 | 229 |
Iwaki | 4 | 23 | 23 | 137 | 17 | 6 | 15 | 225 |
Takahagi | 5 | 21 | 25 | 139 | 17 | 6 | 15 | 228 |
Mito | 5 | 31 | 88 | 55 | 12 | 5 | 14 | 210 |
Tsukuba | 5 | 33 | 104 | 33 | 11 | 5 | 13 | 204 |
Locality | First Instar | Second Instar | Third Instar | Fourth Instar | Fifth Instar | Prepupa | Pupa | Adult |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fukushima | 3 October | 7 October | 1 November | 5 December | 16 April | 28 April | 3 May | 15 May |
Motomiya | 1 October | 5 October | 29 October | 3 December | 16 April | 28 April | 4 May | 16 May |
Hirono | 28 September | 3 October | 25 October | 20 November | 6 April | 23 April | 29 April | 14 May |
Iwaki | 2 October | 6 October | 29 October | 21 November | 7 April | 24 April | 30 April | 14 May |
Takahagi | 29 September | 4 October | 25 October | 19 November | 7 April | 24 April | 30 April | 14 May |
Mito | 16 October | 21 October | 21 November | 17 Feburary | 13 April | 25 April | 30 April | 13 May |
Tsukuba | 22 October | 27 October | 29 November | 13 March | 15 April | 26 April | 1 May | 13 May |
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Sakauchi, K.; Taira, W.; Toki, M.; Iraha, Y.; Otaki, J.M. Overwintering States of the Pale Grass Blue Butterfly Zizeeria maha (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) at the Time of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident in March 2011. Insects 2019, 10, 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10110389
Sakauchi K, Taira W, Toki M, Iraha Y, Otaki JM. Overwintering States of the Pale Grass Blue Butterfly Zizeeria maha (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) at the Time of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident in March 2011. Insects. 2019; 10(11):389. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10110389
Chicago/Turabian StyleSakauchi, Ko, Wataru Taira, Mariko Toki, Yuta Iraha, and Joji M. Otaki. 2019. "Overwintering States of the Pale Grass Blue Butterfly Zizeeria maha (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) at the Time of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident in March 2011" Insects 10, no. 11: 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10110389