Expansion of Imaginal Disc Growth Factor Gene Family in Diptera Reflects the Evolution of Novel Functions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Transcriptome Preparation
2.2. Phylogenetic Analysis of IDGFs
2.3. Molecular Evolution Analysis
2.4. Gene-Level Approach Tests
2.5. Protein-Level Approach Tests
3. Results
3.1. Organization of Idgf Open Reading Frames and Genes
3.2. Phylogenetic Relationship of Idgfs
3.3. Diversification of Idgfs and Estimation of Evolutionary Rates
3.4. Positive Selection Participated in Radiation of the Idgf Gene Family in Diptera
3.5. Negative Selection Preserves Conserved Structure of the 18 Glycosyl Hydrolase Domain
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene and Clade | Overall Mean p-Distance | S.E. |
---|---|---|
Schizophora * Idgf1 | 0.397 | 0.007 |
Schizophora * Idgf2 | 0.311 | 0.007 |
Schizophora * Idgf3 | 0.418 | 0.007 |
Schizophora * Idgf4 | 0.261 | 0.007 |
Schizophora * Idgf5 | 0.383 | 0.008 |
Schizophora * Idgf6 | 0.270 | 0.007 |
Lepidoptera ** Idgf | 0.293 | 0.007 |
Noctuoidea *** Idgf | 0.229 | 0.008 |
Gene and Clade | Datamonkey Selection Tests | TreeSAAP | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site | Selecton | MEME | FEL | FUBAR | Property | Direction | |
Schizophora Idgf1 | 345 | x | x | x | x | B Br p | neg pos pos |
Schizophora Idgf5 | 31 | x | x | x | x | p Ra P | pos neg pos |
Gene and Clade | RELAX | ||
---|---|---|---|
k | p | LR | |
Schizophora Idgf1 | 1.8 | 0.085 ns | 2.97 |
Schizophora Idgf2 | 0.38 | 1.000 ns | −4723.04 |
1.25 | 1.000 ns | −144.45 | |
Schizophora Idgf3 | 1.01 | 1.000 ns | −0.04 |
Schizophora Idgf4 | 4.36 | 1.000 ns | −3.12 |
Schizophora Idgf5 | 1.00 | 0.953 ns | 0.00 |
Schizophora Idgf6 | 1.74 | 0.214 ns | 1.55 |
Lepidoptera | 1.21 | 0.004 ** | 8.11 |
Species | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|
Nilaparvata lugens | NiIdgf knockdown has no effect on morphology and survival | [48] |
Phenacoccus solenopsis | PsIdgf knockdown has no effect on morphology and survival | [49] |
Bombyx mori | BmIDGF is modulated in response to nutritional conditions | [50] |
Bombyx mori | BmIDGF is induced by apoptosis or by ecdysone | [51] |
Pieris rapae | IDGF is not affected by parasitization and polydnavirus infection | [52] |
Mamestra brassicae | MbIDGF supports growth of two lepidopteran cell lines | [53] |
Manduca sexta | In the presence of HAIP, cells in culture do not form aggregates | [9] |
Tribolium castaneum | TcIdgf4 is involved in the molting process | [54] |
Tribolium castaneum | TcIdgf2 knockdown has no phenotypic effect | [54] |
Anopheles gambiae | AgBR1 and 2 are immune responsive proteins to bacteria | [6] |
Aedes aegypti | AgBR1 influences mammalian host immune response | [7] |
Bactrocera dorsalis | Idgf4 knockdown decreased larval survival under high temperature | [55] |
Drosophila melanogaster | Idfg6 knockdown causes severe cuticular defects | [5] |
Drosophila melanogaster | IDGF1,3,4,5, and 6 are required for chitin-ECM formation | [5] |
Drosophila melanogaster | IDGF2 is induced by injury, supports growth of Cl.8 cells in vitro | [3] |
Drosophila melanogaster | IDGF3 is needed for hemolymph clotting | [4] |
Drosophila melanogaster | IDGF1 and 3 are involved in response to septic injury | [56] |
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Zurovcova, M.; Benes, V.; Zurovec, M.; Kucerova, L. Expansion of Imaginal Disc Growth Factor Gene Family in Diptera Reflects the Evolution of Novel Functions. Insects 2019, 10, 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100365
Zurovcova M, Benes V, Zurovec M, Kucerova L. Expansion of Imaginal Disc Growth Factor Gene Family in Diptera Reflects the Evolution of Novel Functions. Insects. 2019; 10(10):365. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100365
Chicago/Turabian StyleZurovcova, Martina, Vladimir Benes, Michal Zurovec, and Lucie Kucerova. 2019. "Expansion of Imaginal Disc Growth Factor Gene Family in Diptera Reflects the Evolution of Novel Functions" Insects 10, no. 10: 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100365