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Volume 12
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10.3390/diagnostics12112880
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Review

The Role of Cytokinome in the HNSCC Tumor Microenvironment: A Narrative Review and Our Experience

by
Nerina Denaro
1,
Cinzia Solinas
2,
Ornella Garrone
1,
Carolina Cauchi
1,
Fiorella Ruatta
1,
Demi Wekking
3,4,
Andrea Abbona
5,
Matteo Paccagnella
5,
Marco Carlo Merlano
6 and
Cristiana Lo Nigro
7,*
1
Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
2
Medical Oncology, AOU Cagliari, Policlinico di Monserrato (CA), 09042 Monserrato, Italy
3
Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
4
Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
5
Translational Oncology Fondazione Arco Cuneo, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
6
Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS Candiolo (Turin), 10060 Candiolo, Italy
7
Central Laboratory, Galliera Hospital, 16142 Genoa, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2022, 12(11), 2880; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112880
Submission received: 20 September 2022 / Revised: 31 October 2022 / Accepted: 14 November 2022 / Published: 21 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Head and Neck Cancers: Diagnosis and Management)
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Abstract

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer. In locally advanced (LA) HNSCC, a multidisciplinary approach consisting of surgery followed by chemoradiation (CRT) or definitive CRT is the mainstay of treatment. In recurrent metastatic (R/M), HNSCC immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with or without chemotherapy represent the new first-line option. However, cancer will recur in about two out of five patients with LA HNSCC. If progression occurs within six months from platin-radiotherapy treatment, anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) may be prescribed. Otherwise, immunotherapy with or without chemotherapy might be considered if PD-L1 is expressed. Despite several improvements in the outcome of patients with R/M HNSCC, overall survival (OS) remains dismal, equaling a median of 14 months. In-depth knowledge of the tumor microenvironment (TME) would be required to change the course of this complex disease. In recent years, many predictive and prognostic biomarkers have been studied in the HNSCC TME, but none of them alone can select the best candidates for response to ICIs or targeted therapy (e.g., Cetuximab). The presence of cytokines indicates an immune response that might occur, among other things, after tumor antigen recognition, viral and bacterial infection, and physic damage. An immune response against HNSCC results in the production of some cytokines that induce a pro-inflammatory response and attract cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and T cell effectors, to enhance the innate and adaptive anti-tumor response. We revised the role of a group of cytokines as biomarkers for treatment response in HNSCC.
Keywords: cytokines; cytokinome; tumor microenvironment; biomarker; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cytokines; cytokinome; tumor microenvironment; biomarker; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

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MDPI and ACS Style

Denaro, N.; Solinas, C.; Garrone, O.; Cauchi, C.; Ruatta, F.; Wekking, D.; Abbona, A.; Paccagnella, M.; Merlano, M.C.; Lo Nigro, C. The Role of Cytokinome in the HNSCC Tumor Microenvironment: A Narrative Review and Our Experience. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 2880. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112880

AMA Style

Denaro N, Solinas C, Garrone O, Cauchi C, Ruatta F, Wekking D, Abbona A, Paccagnella M, Merlano MC, Lo Nigro C. The Role of Cytokinome in the HNSCC Tumor Microenvironment: A Narrative Review and Our Experience. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(11):2880. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112880

Chicago/Turabian Style

Denaro, Nerina, Cinzia Solinas, Ornella Garrone, Carolina Cauchi, Fiorella Ruatta, Demi Wekking, Andrea Abbona, Matteo Paccagnella, Marco Carlo Merlano, and Cristiana Lo Nigro. 2022. "The Role of Cytokinome in the HNSCC Tumor Microenvironment: A Narrative Review and Our Experience" Diagnostics 12, no. 11: 2880. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112880

APA Style

Denaro, N., Solinas, C., Garrone, O., Cauchi, C., Ruatta, F., Wekking, D., Abbona, A., Paccagnella, M., Merlano, M. C., & Lo Nigro, C. (2022). The Role of Cytokinome in the HNSCC Tumor Microenvironment: A Narrative Review and Our Experience. Diagnostics, 12(11), 2880. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112880

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