Immunological Trajectories of White Blood Cells from Adolescence to Adulthood: Description and Determinants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Blood Measurements
2.3. Covariates
2.4. Subjects
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Total n = 1183 | Cluster HIA n = 163 | Cluster LLWBC n = 136 | Cluster HPEo n = 285 | Cluster LPEo n = 344 | Cluster Un n = 238 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total WBC a | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
13 | 6.15 (1.50) | 7.49 (2.09) | 5.61 (1.04) | 6.15 (1.32) | 6.16 (1.36) | 5.83 (1.37) |
17 | 6.35 (1.51) | 7.58 (1.98) | 5.91 (1.15) | 6.30 (1.41) | 6.35 (1.39) | 6.09 (1.47) |
21 | 6.56 (1.71) | 8.08 (2.00) | 5.98 (1.17) | 6.60 (1.60) | 6.56 (1.74) | 6.33 (1.65) |
24 | 6.45 (1.71) | 8.04 (2.05) | 5.86 (1.14) | 6.43 (1.58) | 6.36 (1.64) | 6.54 (1.84) |
27 | 6.35 (1.56) | 7.55 (1.88) | 5.79 (0.94) | 6.25 (1.28) | 6.44 (1.69) | 6.43 (1.80) |
Trend | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) |
Age | 0.22 (<0.001) | 0.31 (0.043) | 0.21 (<0.001) | 0.28 (<0.001) | 0.17 (0.018) | 0.22 (0.032) |
Age 2 | −0.005 (<0.001) | −0.007 (0.055) | −0.005 (<0.001) | −0.007 (<0.001) | −0.003 (0.025) | −0.004 (0.105) |
Neutrophils b | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
13 | 52.3 (10.5) | 57.9 (9.00) | 51.8 (9.00) | 47.9 (8.62) | 54.5 (9.97) | 53.4 (10.8) |
17 | 53.8 (9.06) | 58.9 (9.29) | 53.9 (8.49) | 50.2 (8.41) | 55.2 (8.92) | 52.9 (8.58) |
21 | 53.7 (8.80) | 58.5 (7.36) | 53.0 (7.33) | 50.7 (8.62) | 54.7 (9.29) | 53.3 (9.29) |
24 | 53.7 (8.78) | 56.8 (7.13) | 53.7 (7.63) | 51.3 (8.50) | 54.7 (9.16) | 54.2 (9.24) |
27 | 52.9 (8.16) | 55.4 (7.13) | 53.0 (6.44) | 50.8 (7.24) | 53.8 (9.33) | 53.2 (8.85) |
Trend | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) |
Age | 0.95 (<0.001) | 1.19 (0.062) | 0.82 (0.494) | 1.41 (0.002) | 0.48 (0.257) | 0.33 (0.580) |
Age 2 | −0.023 (<0.001) | −0.034 (0.031) | −0.18 (0.076) | −0.030 (0.007) | −0.014 (0.200) | −0.007 (0.645) |
Eosinophils b | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
13 | 3.43 (2.92) | 2.47 (1.33) | 3.19 (1.52) | 6.83 (3.28) | 1.45 (0.66) | 2.41 (1.27) |
17 | 2.81 (2.13) | 2.30 (1.22) | 2.77 (1.39) | 5.45 (2.34) | 1.44 (0.74) | 2.28 (1.13) |
21 | 2.86 (1.96) | 2.88 (1.34) | 2.84 (1.29) | 5.36 (2.23) | 1.51 (0.75) | 2.27 (1.06) |
24 | 3.07 (2.22) | 3.58 (1.96) | 3.00 (1.38) | 5.33 (2.64) | 1.55 (0.77) | 2.20 (1.07) |
27 | 3.06 (2.18) | 3.77 (1.73) | 2.89 (1.44) | 5.17 (2.45) | 1.48 (0.75) | 2.39 (1.23) |
Trend | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) |
Age | −0.28 (<0.001) | −0.19 (0.142) | −0.19 (0.019) | −0.65 (<0.001) | −0.029 (0.419) | −0.14 (0.076) |
Age 2 | 0.007 (<0.001) | 0.008 (0.019) | 0.005 (0.025) | 0.014 (<0.001) | 0.001 (0.291) | 0.003 (0.085) |
Total n = 1183 | Cluster HIA n = 163 | Cluster LLWBC n = 136 | Cluster HPEo n = 285 | Cluster LPEo n = 344 | Cluster Un n = 238 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basophils b | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
13 | 0.40 (0.42) | 0.36 (0.20) | 0.29 (0.16) | 0.46 (0.27) | 0.25 (0.13) | 0.58 (0.38) |
17 | 0.40 (0.24) | 0.39 (0.18) | 0.32 (0.14) | 0.51 (0.25) | 0.30 (0.15) | 0.61 (0.32) |
21 | 0.41 (0.25) | 0.43 (0.21) | 0.33 (0.16) | 0.49 (0.24) | 0.30 (0.16) | 0.60 (0.30) |
24 | 0.44 (0.27) | 0.48 (0.21) | 0.35 (0.15) | 0.55 (0.31) | 0.32 (0.19) | 0.58 (0.25) |
27 | 0.42 (0.26) | 0.45 (0.24) | 0.32 (0.14) | 0.50 (0.27) | 0.32 (0.16) | 0.59 (0.31) |
Trend | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) |
Age | 0.008 (0.205) | 0.021 (0.155) | 0.025 (0.002) | 0.029 (0.034) | 0.013 (0.009) | 0.010 (0.656) |
Age 2 | <0.001 (0.386) | <0.001 (0.443) | <0.001 (0.005) | <0.001 (0.066) | <0.001 (0.263) | <0.001 (0.606) |
Monocytes b | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
13 | 7.22 (1.96) | 6.52 (1.11) | 7.50 (1.63) | 7.19 (2.21) | 6.41 (1.29) | 8.86 (2.29) |
17 | 7.21 (1.79) | 6.56 (1.27) | 7.65 (1.72) | 7.58 (2.01) | 6.50 (1.36) | 8.15 (1.98) |
21 | 8.31 (2.00) | 7.82 (1.60) | 8.57 (1.88) | 8.57 (1.99) | 7.52 (1.63) | 9.50 (2.37) |
24 | 8.23 (2.08) | 7.85 (1.49) | 8.56 (2.17) | 8.36 (1.92) | 7.40 (1.59) | 9.44 (2.56) |
27 | 8.25 (2.03) | 8.02 (1.51) | 8.41 (1.88) | 8.36 (2.00) | 7.53 (1.63) | 9.41 (2.64) |
Trend | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) |
Age | 0.34 (<0.001) | 0.32 (0.002) | 0.41 (<0.001) | 0.48 (<0.001) | 0.35 (<0.001) | −0.023 (0.876) |
Age 2 | −0.006 (<0.001) | −0.005 (0.063) | −0.008 (<0.001) | −0.010 (<0.001) | −0.006 (<0.001) | 0.002 (0.545) |
Lymphocytes b | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
13 | 36.5 (9.49) | 32.7 (9.31) | 37.2 (8.57) | 37.6 (8.09) | 37.4 (9.41) | 34.8 (11.0) |
17 | 35.8 (8.15) | 32.7 (8.47) | 35.4 (7.82) | 36.3 (7.89) | 36.5 (8.34) | 36.1 (7.89) |
21 | 34.6 (7.93) | 30.1 (6.42) | 35.1 (6.88) | 34.7 (7.97) | 35.8 (8.38) | 34.1 (8.43) |
24 | 34.4 (8.03) | 31.0 (6.24) | 34.2 (7.18) | 34.3 (7.95) | 35.9 (8.46) | 33.4 (8.65) |
27 | 35.1 (7.54) | 32.1 (6.60) | 35.1 (6.29) | 35.0 (6.64) | 36.6 (8.50) | 34.2 (8.36) |
Trend | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) | Β (p-value) |
Age | −1.03 (<0.001) | −1.42 (0.014) | −1.11 (0.003) | −1.31 (0.001) | −0.87 (0.027) | −0.26 (0.650) |
Age 2 | 0.022 (<0.001) | 0.033 (0.210) | 0.020 (0.040) | 0.027 (0.007) | 0.020 (0.040) | 0.003 (0.826) |
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Nonincluded | Included | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | n | % | n | % | |
1776 | 60.4 | 1166 | 39.6 | ||
Sex | 0.407 | ||||
Female | 921 | 51.9 | 586 | 50.3 | |
Chronic disease | 0.308 | ||||
Yes | 206 | 19.0 | 187 | 20.9 | |
Missing | 690 | 271 | |||
Allergic disease | 0.591 | ||||
Yes | 341 | 33.1 | 295 | 34.3 | |
Missing/Did not know | 745 | 306 | |||
Allergy | 0.496 | ||||
Yes | 265 | 25.7 | 234 | 27.2 | |
Missing/Did not know | 746 | 306 | |||
Asthma | 0.720 | ||||
Yes | 118 | 11.5 | 104 | 12.1 | |
Missing/Did not know | 749 | 303 | |||
Rhinitis | 0.313 | ||||
Yes | 94 | 9.3 | 92 | 10.8 | |
Missing/Did not know | 768 | 315 | |||
Chronic medication | 0.001 | ||||
Yes | 522 | 51.8 | 516 | 59.4 | |
Missing | 768 | 297 | |||
Parental education | <0.001 | ||||
≤6 years | 553 | 31.3 | 221 | 19.0 | |
7–9 years | 364 | 20.5 | 199 | 17.1 | |
10–12 years | 399 | 22.5 | 332 | 28.5 | |
>12 years | 350 | 21.0 | 411 | 35.3 | |
Missing | 110 | 3 | |||
Practice of sports | <0.001 | ||||
Yes | 440 | 44.9 | 481 | 55.7 | |
Missing | 797 | 302 | |||
Leisure-time physical activity | <0.001 | ||||
Mainly sitting | 242 | 25.4 | 267 | 32.5 | |
Mainly standing | 227 | 23.8 | 168 | 20.5 | |
Active | 255 | 26.8 | 275 | 33.5 | |
Very active | 229 | 24.0 | 111 | 13.5 | |
Missing | 823 | 345 | |||
Body mass index | 0.025 | ||||
Underweight | 19 | 1.7 | 9 | 1.0 | |
Normal weight | 783 | 69.3 | 641 | 70.7 | |
Preobesity | 212 | 18.8 | 193 | 21.3 | |
Obesity | 116 | 10.3 | 64 | 7.1 | |
Missing | 646 | 259 |
Cluster HIA | Cluster LLWBC | Cluster HPEo | Cluster LPEo | Cluster Un | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
Characteristics | 136 (11.7) | 285 (24.4) | 238 (20.4) | 344 (29.5) | 163 (14.0) | |
Sex | <0.001 | |||||
Female | 68 (50.0) | 104 (36.5) * | 94 (39.5) * | 231 (67.2) * | 89 (54.6) | |
Male | 68 (50.0) | 181 (63.5) * | 144 (60.5) * | 113 (32.8) * | 74 (45.4) | |
Chronic disease | <0.001 | |||||
No | 110 (82.1) | 230 (36.5) | 164 (68.9) * | 281 (82.4) | 135 (83.3) | |
Yes | 24 (17.9) | 49 (63.5) | 74 (31.0) * | 60 (17.5) | 27 (16.7) | |
Allergic disease | <0.001 | |||||
No | 94 (70.1) | 190 (69.1) | 113 (47.7) * | 255 (76.1) * | 110 (69.2) | |
Yes | 40 (29.9) | 85 (30.9) | 124 (52.3) * | 80 (23.9) * | 49 (30.8) | |
Allergy | <0.001 | |||||
No | 100 (74.1) | 206 (74.9) | 136 (57.4) * | 276 (82.1) * | 124 (78.0) | |
Yes | 35 (25.9) | 69 (25.1) | 101 (42.6) * | 60 (17.9) * | 35 (22.0) | |
Asthma | <0.001 | |||||
No | 121 (91.0) | 249 (89.6) | 170 (72.6) * | 312 (93.4) * | 146 (91.8) | |
Yes | 12 (9.0) | 29 (10.4) | 64 (27.4) * | 22 (6.6) * | 13 (8.2) | |
Rhinitis | <0.001 | |||||
No | 125 (92.6) | 248 (89.5) | 197 (83.8) * | 317 (93.8) | 151 (95.5) | |
Yes | 10 (7.4) | 29 (10.5) | 38 (16.2) * | 21 (6.2) | 8 (5.0) | |
Chronic medication | 0.737 | |||||
No | 42 (40.8) | 80 (40.2) | 71 (36.8) | 107 (42.3) | 53 (43.8) | |
Yes | 61 (59.2) | 119 (59.8) | 122 (63.2) | 146 (57.7) | 68 (56.2) | |
Parental education | 0.201 | |||||
≤6 years | 33 (24.3) | 45 (15.8) | 37 (15.5) | 69 (20.1) | 37 (22.8) | |
7–9 years | 20 (14.7) | 45 (15.8) | 40 (16.8) | 71 (20.7) | 23 (14.2) | |
10–12 years | 37 (27.2) | 92 (32.4) | 71 (29.8) | 93 (27.1) | 39 (24.1) | |
≥12 years | 46 (33.8) | 102 (35.9) | 90 (37.8) | 110 (32.1) | 63 (38.9) | |
Practice of sports | 0.044 | |||||
No | 61 (45.5) | 104 (37.0) | 92 (38.9) | 161 (47.5) | 75 (46.6) | |
Yes | 73 (54.5) | 177 (63.0) | 145 (61.2) | 178 (52.5) | 86 (53.4) | |
Leisure-time physical activity | 0.098 | |||||
Mainly sitting | 39 (29.5) | 72 (26.3) | 54 (23.1) | 112 (33.3) | 50 (31.8) | |
Mainly standing | 24 (18.2) | 64 (23.4) | 51 (21.8) | 73 (21.7) | 36 (22.9) | |
Active | 53 (40.2) | 84 (30.7) | 93 (39.7) | 107 (31.8) | 47 (29.9) | |
Very active | 16 (12.1) | 54 (19.7) | 36 (15.4) | 44 (13.1) | 24 (15.3) | |
Body mass index | 0.007 | |||||
Underweight | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.4) | 5 (2.5) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
Normal weight | 62 (56.9) * | 145 (69.7) | 142 (70.6) | 195 (75.9) | 97 (73.5) | |
Preobesity | 33 (30.3) | 50 (24.0) | 39 (19.4) | 43 (16.7) | 28 (21.2) | |
Obesity | 14 (12.8) | 10 (4.8) | 15 (7.5) | 18 (7.0) | 7 (5.3) | |
hs-CRP (median) | 0.503 | |||||
<0.30 mg/L | 39 (42.9) | 78 (47.3) | 76 (43.7) | 107 (51.2) | 55 (50.5) | |
≥0.30 mg/L | 52 (57.1) | 87 (52.7) | 98 (56.3) | 102 (48.8) | 54 (49.5) | |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | Median | Median | Median | Median | Median | 0.545 |
(25th–75th) | (25th–75th) | (25th–75th) | (25th–75th) | (25th–75th) | ||
0.30 (0.20–1.10) | 0.30 (0.00–0.70) | 0.30 (0.20–0.60) | 0.20 (0.10–0.80) | 0.20 (0.00–0.70) |
Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted * OR (95% CI) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Cluster HIA | Cluster LLWBC | Cluster HPEo | Cluster Un | Cluster HIA | Cluster LLWBC | Cluster HPEo | Cluster Un |
Sex | ||||||||
Female | 0.49 (0.22, 0.73) | 0.28 (0.20, 0.39) | 0.32 (0.23, 0.45) | 0.59 (0.40, 0.86) | 0.49 (0.32, 0.73) | 0.28 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.32 (0.23, 0.46) | 0.59 (0.40, 0.87) |
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Parental education | ||||||||
≤6 years | 1.15 (0.67, 1.98) | 0.70 (0.44, 1.12) | 0.66 (0.41, 1.08) | 0.93 (0.53, 1.54) | 1.21 (0.70, 2.08) | 0.76 (0.47, 1.22) | 0.71 (0.43, 1.17) | 0.96 (0.58, 1.59) |
7–9 years | 0.68 (0.37, 1.24) | 0.68 (0.43, 1.08) | 0.70 (0.43, 1.12) | 0.56 (0.32, 0.99) | 0.69 (0.38, 1.27) | 0.71 (0.44, 1.14) | 0.72 (0.44, 1.17) | 0.57 (0.33, 1.00) |
10–12 years | 0.96 (0.58, 1.60) | 1.07 (0.72, 1.58) | 0.94 (0.62, 1.43) | 0.73 (0.45, 1.18) | 0.97 (0.58, 1.63) | 1.09 (0.73, 1.63) | 0.96 (0.63, 1.46) | 0.73 (0.45, 1.19) |
≥12 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Chronic disease | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.02 (0.61, 1.72) | 1.00 (0.66, 1.51) | 2.11 (1.43, 3.13) | 0.94 (0.57, 1.54) | 1.03 (0.61, 1.75) | 0.97 (0.64, 1.49) | 2.08 (1.39, 3.10) | 0.95 (0.58, 1.57) |
Allergic disease | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 2.25 (0.46, 10.9) | 0.96 (0.37, 2.48) | 14.0 (1.73, 112.2) | 1.38 (0.40, 4.72) | 1.37 (0.87, 2.15) | 1.44 (0.99, 2.08) | 3.54 (2.45, 5.10) | 1.45 (0.95, 2.21) |
BMI | ||||||||
Underweight and normal weight | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Preobesity and obesity | 2.44 (1.51, 3.92) | 1.30 (0.86, 1.97) | 1.18 (0.77, 1.80) | 1.16 (0.72, 1.88) | 2.38 (1.47, 3.86) | 1.21 (0.79, 1.86) | 1.10 (0.71, 1.71) | 1.15 (0.71, 1.87) |
Sports practice | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.08 (0.73, 1.62) | 1.54 (1.12, 2.13) | 1.43 (1.02, 2.00) | 1.04 (0.71, 1.51) | 0.97 (0.64, 1.48) | 1.20 (0.85, 1.69) | 1.12 (0.79, 1.61) | 0.92 (0.62, 1.36) |
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Barroso, I.; Guimarães, J.T.; Severo, M.; Craveiro, V.; Ramos, E. Immunological Trajectories of White Blood Cells from Adolescence to Adulthood: Description and Determinants. Diagnostics 2021, 11, 2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11112063
Barroso I, Guimarães JT, Severo M, Craveiro V, Ramos E. Immunological Trajectories of White Blood Cells from Adolescence to Adulthood: Description and Determinants. Diagnostics. 2021; 11(11):2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11112063
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarroso, Isaac, João Tiago Guimarães, Milton Severo, Vanda Craveiro, and Elisabete Ramos. 2021. "Immunological Trajectories of White Blood Cells from Adolescence to Adulthood: Description and Determinants" Diagnostics 11, no. 11: 2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11112063
APA StyleBarroso, I., Guimarães, J. T., Severo, M., Craveiro, V., & Ramos, E. (2021). Immunological Trajectories of White Blood Cells from Adolescence to Adulthood: Description and Determinants. Diagnostics, 11(11), 2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11112063