Research on Braking Energy Regeneration for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mathematical Model and Objective Function
2.1. Vehicle System Model
- The torsional vibration of the engine and shaft and the effect of the clutch torsional damper on the system are neglected.
- The transverse vibration of the drive shaft and the driven shaft is neglected.
- Each component is a rigid inertial element without damping.
- The clearance of the kinematic pair is neglected.
2.1.1. Engine Model
2.1.2. Motor Model
2.1.3. Battery Model
2.1.4. Other Mathematical Model
2.2. Objective Function
3. Solving Process of the Optimization Problem
4. Optimization Results Analysis
5. Simulation and Validation of Optimization Results
5.1. Model Validation
5.2. Validation of Gear Shifting Strategy in Braking Process
5.3. Validation of Gear Shifting Strategy under Different Braking Strengths
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Specification | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Engine | Type | Natural gas | - |
Rated power/speed | 140/2500 | kW/rpm | |
Maximum torque/speed | 650/1500 | Nm/rpm | |
Motor | Type | Permanent magnet | - |
Rated power/speed | 26/2600 | kW/rpm | |
Maximum torque/speed | 420/1000 | Nm/rpm | |
Battery | Voltage | 360 | V |
Capacity | 8 | Ah | |
Transmission | Gear ratio | 7.05/4.13/2.52/1.59/ 1.00/0.78/R6.75 | - |
Coefficients | Scaled | Normalized | |
---|---|---|---|
Constant | 82.54907361 | ||
nm | 0.007776876 | 3.796131489 | 31.01952404 |
Tm | 0.022894698 | −1.328832684 | −10.8583587 |
−2.07 × 10−6 | −1.49752163 | −12.23677534 | |
−9.83 × 10−5 | −3.873657126 | −31.65301326 | |
Tm − nm | 1.03× 10−5 | 1.741735007 | 14.23232865 |
Major Component | Main Parameter | Parameter Value |
---|---|---|
Engine | Output volume (L) | 6.5 |
Rated power/rotational speed (Kw/rpm) | 140/2500 | |
Maximum torque/rotational speed (Nm/rpm) | 650/1500 | |
Clutch | Type | Single-piece dry-type diaphragm spring clutch |
Motor | Type | Permanent magnet synchronous motor |
Voltage (V) | 340 | |
Rated power/rotational speed (Kw/rpm) | 26/2600 | |
Maximum torque/rotational speed (Nm/rpm) | 420/1000 | |
Battery | Type | Aluminum–plastic film manganese oxide lithium-ion power battery |
Voltage (V) | 360 | |
Capacity | 8Ah | |
Transmission | Manipulation mode | AMT |
Speed ratio of each gear | 7.05/4.13/2.52/1.59/1.00/0.78/R6.75 |
Acceleration (m/s2) | Regeneration Energy | Acceleration (m/s2) | Regeneration Energy | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D | Optimal Strategy | L | D | Optimal Strategy | L | ||
−0.4 | 0.1229 | 0.1229 | 0.1229 | −1.2 | 0.0426 | 0.0439 | 0.0430 |
−0.5 | 0.0974 | 0.1022 | 0.1022 | −1.3 | 0.0389 | 0.0391 | 0.0388 |
−0.6 | 0.0802 | 0.0843 | 0.0843 | −1.4 | 0.0359 | 0.0359 | 0.0352 |
−0.7 | 0.0719 | 0.0758 | 0.0755 | −1.5 | 0.0332 | 0.0332 | 0.0320 |
−0.8 | 0.0657 | 0.0691 | 0.0687 | −1.6 | 0.0314 | 0.0314 | 0.0299 |
−0.9 | 0.0556 | 0.0581 | 0.0561 | −2 | 0.0264 | 0.0264 | 0.0241 |
−1.0 | 0.0496 | 0.0515 | 0.0509 | −3 | 0.0166 | 0.0166 | 0.0125 |
−1.1 | 0.0470 | 0.0498 | 0.0480 | −4 | 0.0121 | 0.0121 | 0.0077 |
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Xu, M.; Peng, J.; Ren, X.; Yang, X.; Hu, Y. Research on Braking Energy Regeneration for Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Machines 2023, 11, 347. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11030347
Xu M, Peng J, Ren X, Yang X, Hu Y. Research on Braking Energy Regeneration for Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Machines. 2023; 11(3):347. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11030347
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Mengtian, Jianxin Peng, Xiaochen Ren, Xuekun Yang, and Yuhui Hu. 2023. "Research on Braking Energy Regeneration for Hybrid Electric Vehicles" Machines 11, no. 3: 347. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11030347