Exploring the Spatial-Seasonal Dynamics of Water Quality, Submerged Aquatic Plants and Their Influencing Factors in Different Areas of a Lake
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data and Methods
2.2.1. Data Collection
2.2.2. Data Preprocessing
2.2.3. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Seasonal Variation in Water Quality and Submerged Aquatic Plant Biomass
3.2. Spatial Dynamics of Water Quality Parameters and Submerged Aquatic Plant Biomass
3.3. Preliminary Identification of Influencing Factors of Water Quality and Submerged Aquatic Plant Biomass Using PCA
3.4. Correlations between Water Quality Parameters and Submerged Aquatic Plant Biomass
4. Discussion
4.1. The Close Relationship between Lake Water Quality and Land Use/Economic Development in Surrounding Areas
4.1.1. Influences of Agricultural and Social Development on Water Quality
4.1.2. Influences of Aquaculture Development on Water Quality
4.2. Influencing Factors of the Growth of Submerged Aquatic Plants in Different Seasons
4.3. Implications for Future Water Quality Management in Honghu Lake
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Parameters | Environmental Guidelines | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class I | Class II | Class III | Class IV | Class V | ||
pH | 6–9 | |||||
Transparency (m) | - | |||||
DO (mg/L) | >7.5 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 2 | |
NH4+–N (mg/L) | <0.15 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | |
TN (mg/L) | <0.2 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | |
TP (mg/L) | <0.01 | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.2 | |
CODMn (mg/L) | <2 | 4 | 5 | 10 | 15 | |
Biomass (g) | - |
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Parameters | Annual Mean | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Min. | Max. | Mean | CV (%) | |
pH | 7.39 | 8.69 | 7.92 | 4.7 |
Transparency (m) | 0.30 | 1.55 | 0.73 | 33.7 |
DO (mg/L) | 8.28 (I) | 13.51 (I) | 11.02 (I) | 10.7 |
NH4+–N (mg/L) | 0.319 (II) | 1.228 (IV) | 0.530 (III) | 37.6 |
TN (mg/L) | 0.625 (III) | 2.153 (Inferior Class V) | 1.150 (IV) | 32.3 |
TP (mg/L) | 0.011 (II) | 0.132 (V) | 0.053 (IV) | 61.3 |
CODMn (mg/L) | 5.11 (IV) | 7.78 (IV) | 6.54 (IV) | 8.9 |
Biomass (g) | 0 | 1369.33 | 399.37 | 106.8 |
Dry Season | Factor | Wet Season | Factor | Normal Season | Factor | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||
pH | −0.32 | 0.55 | 0.46 | pH | 0.10 | 0.87 | 0.19 | 0.02 | pH | 0.10 | 0.28 | 0.15 |
Transparency | −0.81 | 0.09 | −0.24 | Transparency | −0.71 | 0.44 | −0.30 | −0.01 | Transparency | −0.61 | 0.56 | 0.06 |
DO | −0.06 | 0.64 | 0.53 | DO | −0.26 | 0.39 | 0.77 | −0.004 | DO | −0.51 | 0.35 | 0.46 |
NH4+–N | 0.86 | 0.04 | 0.21 | NH4+–N | 0.56 | 0.35 | −0.45 | 0.36 | NH4+–N | 0.89 | −0.02 | 0.13 |
TN | 0.75 | 0.40 | −0.34 | TN | 0.80 | 0.21 | 0.13 | −0.11 | TN | 0.90 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
TP | 0.82 | −0.15 | 0.23 | TP | 0.87 | 0.13 | −0.16 | 0.16 | TP | 0.90 | 0.32 | 0.11 |
CODMn | 0.61 | 0.55 | −0.41 | CODMn | −0.12 | −0.22 | 0.34 | 0.89 | CODMn | 0.03 | −0.84 | 0.08 |
Biomass | −0.41 | 0.65 | −0.28 | Biomass | −0.70 | 0.24 | −0.43 | 0.23 | Biomass | −0.21 | −0.26 | 0.86 |
Variance (%) | 40.95 | 20.53 | 12.68 | Variance (%) | 34.99 | 17.39 | 15.76 | 12.57 | Variance (%) | 44.14 | 19.60 | 14.86 |
Dry Season | pH | Transparency | DO | NH4+–N | TN | TP | CODMn | Biomass |
pH | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Transparency | 0.202 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
DO | 0.305 | 00.017 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
NH4+–N | −0.091 | −0.645 ** | 0.000 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
TN | −0.184 | −0.456 ** | 0.087 | 0.566 ** | 1 | - | - | - |
TP | −0.289 | −0.680 ** | −0.016 | 0.690 ** | 0.411 ** | 1 | - | - |
CODMn | 0.032 | −0.312 * | 0.042 | 0.447 ** | 0.743 ** | 0.294 | 1 | - |
Biomass | 0.244 | 0.331 * | 0.278 | −0.369 * | −0.044 | −0.331 * | 0.104 | 1 |
Wet Season | pH | Transparency | DO | NH4+-N | TN | TP | CODMn | Biomass |
pH | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Transparency | 0.204 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
DO | 0.287 | 0.105 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
NH4+–N | 0.177 | −0.164 | −0.218 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
TN | 0.188 | −0.448 ** | −0.032 | 0.351 * | 1 | - | - | - |
TP | 0.162 | −0.465 ** | −0.285 | 0.567 ** | 0.628 ** | 1 | - | - |
CODMn | −0.077 | −0.068 | 0.128 | −0.045 | −0.149 | −0.043 | 1 | - |
Biomass | 0.011 | 0.615 ** | 0.007 | −0.065 | −0.459 ** | −0.468 ** | 0.058 | 1 |
Normal Season | pH | Transparency | DO | NH4+-N | TN | TP | CODMn | Biomass |
pH | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Transparency | 0.154 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
DO | 0.222 | 0.382 * | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
NH4+–N | 0.132 | −0.414 ** | −0.479 ** | 1 | - | - | - | - |
TN | 0.165 | −0.378 * | −0.225 | 0.760 ** | 1 | - | - | - |
TP | 0.129 | −0.382 * | −0.182 | 0.742 ** | 0.945 ** | 1 | - | - |
CODMn | −0.022 | −0.350 * | −0.074 | 0.05 | −0.095 | −0.13 | 1 | - |
Biomass | 0.015 | 0.055 | 0.164 | −0.035 | −0.076 | −0.247 | 0.105 | 1 |
Seasons | Biomass of Species | Regression Equations | R2 | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry season | 7 species | y = −283.539 − 1536.863 NH4+–N | 0.227 | 0.002 |
Myriophyllum verticillatum | y = 307.792 − 555.584 NH4+–N | 0.141 | 0.015 | |
Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Börner sago pondweed | y = −3913.209 + 500.465 pH | 0.105 | 0.038 | |
Ceratophyllum demersum L. | y = 199.575 − 383.492 NH4+–N | 0.207 | 0.003 | |
Wet season | 7 species | y = 2240.620 − 1230.157 TN | 0.267 | 0.001 |
Myriophyllum verticillatum | y = 332.717 − 201.019 TN | 0.120 | 0.026 | |
Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Börner sago pondweed | y = 11.220 + 206.353 Transparency | 0.355 | 0.000 | |
Ceratophyllum demersum L. | y = 1350.020 − 675.030 TN | 0.124 | 0.024 |
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Li, K.; Wang, L.; Li, Z.; Xie, Y.; Wang, X.; Fang, Q. Exploring the Spatial-Seasonal Dynamics of Water Quality, Submerged Aquatic Plants and Their Influencing Factors in Different Areas of a Lake. Water 2017, 9, 707. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090707
Li K, Wang L, Li Z, Xie Y, Wang X, Fang Q. Exploring the Spatial-Seasonal Dynamics of Water Quality, Submerged Aquatic Plants and Their Influencing Factors in Different Areas of a Lake. Water. 2017; 9(9):707. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090707
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Kun, Ling Wang, Zhaohua Li, Yujing Xie, Xiangrong Wang, and Qing Fang. 2017. "Exploring the Spatial-Seasonal Dynamics of Water Quality, Submerged Aquatic Plants and Their Influencing Factors in Different Areas of a Lake" Water 9, no. 9: 707. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090707