Temporal and Spatial Variations of Hydrological Processes on the Landscape Zone Scale in an Alpine Cold Region (Mafengou River Basin, China): An Update
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Area Description
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Hydrogeological Background
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Sample Collection
3.2. Laboratory Analyses
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Temporal and Spatial Variations of Chemical Characteristics
4.2. Altitude Variations of Hydrological Processes in the Study Area
4.3. Temporal and Spatial Variations of Runoff Process
4.4. Variations of the Contributions of Runoff
5. Conclusions
- i.
- There is not a significant difference in the water chemical characteristics of various waterbodies. There is no obvious seasonal variation, but obvious hydration credits zone existed. Various waterbodies are relatively negative in δ18O and δD in the dry season, but enriched in δ18O and δD in wet season, which exhibits seasonal variation. In the wet season, higher temperatures lead to isotope fractionation effects caused by evaporation, and secondary evaporation easily occurs during the wet season, leading to enrichment in δ18O and δD. In the dry season, the temperature is low, and water vapor comes from the evaporation of local waterbodies. Precipitation is in the solid state in the cold season and evaporation is weak. Therefore, the isotope value is low, leading to negative in δ18O and δD.
- ii.
- The difference of d-excess value in the alpine cold mountainous region reflects the complexity of moisture sources and the extreme climate. The d-excess values of various waterbodies in the each of the landscape zones are higher than the global average value (10‰) due to the high altitude, strong solar radiation and strong evaporation in the Mafengou River basin. It is strongly affected by the local climate and environment, and leads to high d-excess.
- iii.
- The isotopic components of precipitation exhibits altitude effects. The δ18O and δD values are decreased with increased altitude. However, there are no obvious altitude effects among surface water during the wet and dry season. This is because it is not only recharged by precipitation, but also by meltwater of glacier, snow and frozen soil. The transformations of groundwater and surface water lead to the change of isotopic composition. Therefore, homogenization effects are the controlling factor of the change of isotopic components of various waterbodies. Therefore elevation effects cannot be applied to determine the recharged level of groundwater or river water in the Mafengou River Basin.
- iv.
- The river water is mainly recharged by thawed frozen soil water and precipitation in the wet season, but glacier snow meltwater with negative in δ18O and δD is relatively less (14~18%). In the dry season, glacier snow meltwater and groundwater are the dominant source of the outlet river water, but thawed frozen soil water is relatively less (10~15%).
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Site | Location Area | SI(anhydrite) | SI(aragonite) | SI(calcite) | CO2(g) | SI(dolomite) | SI(fluorite) | SI(gypsum) | SI(salt) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G-09-06 | Glacier snow | −3.57 | −0.81 | −0.66 | −1.82 | −1.89 | −3.84 | −3.35 | −11.00 |
C-09-1 | Alpine cold desert | −2.96 | −1.11 | −0.97 | −1.92 | −1.95 | −3.90 | −2.74 | −10.47 |
S-09-1 | Alpine shrub | −2.96 | 0.31 | 0.47 | −3.93 | 0.55 | −3.56 | −2.70 | −10.48 |
SP-09-6 | Spring lower | −1.94 | 0.70 | 0.86 | −3.42 | 1.47 | −3.08 | −1.69 | −9.07 |
Flow Path | Anhydrite | Aragonite | Calcite | Dolomite | Fluorite | Gypsum | Salt |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G-09-06→S-09-1 | 2.281 × 10−5 | 2.165 × 10−4 | 3.646 × 10−5 | 1.375 × 10−5 | |||
G-09-06→C-09-1 | 8.116 × 10−5 | −3.574 × 10−4 | 3.506 × 10−4 | 9.243 × 10−5 | 7.936 × 10−6 | ||
C-09-1→S-09-1 | 3.297 × 10−4 | 6.359 × 10−7 | 9.089 × 10−6 |
Landscape Zones | Samples Type | NO (420) | Wet Season | Dry Season | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
δ18O (‰) | δD (‰) | δ18O (‰) | δD (‰) | |||
Glacier snow | Surface water | 36 | −9.69 ± 0.73 | −67.03 ± 4.6 | −16.03 ± 0.8 | −78.14 ± 1.11 |
Glacier | 20 | −12.82 ± 0.51 | −82.34 ± 3.1 | −17.30 ± 1.02 | −99.34 ± 3.3 | |
Snow | 20 | −17.13 ± 1.21 | −107.3 ± 2.86 | −19.60 ± 1.62 | −113.42 ± 8.5 | |
Alpine cold desert | Surface water | 36 | −7.20 ± 1.2 | −39.86 ± 5.2 | −9.47 ± 1.8 | −57.56 ± 3.7 |
Groundwater | 24 | −11.95 ± 0.18 | −80.23 ± 2.8 | −12.15 ± 0.23 | −81.64 ± 1.9 | |
Frozen soil (surface) | 24 | −10.45 ± 2.2 | −72.82 ± 2.1 | −11.36 ± 1.74 | −76.12 ± 1.2 | |
Frozen soil (deep) | 24 | −11.64 ± 0.42 | −80.71 ± 2.3 | −11.43 ± 0.74 | −80.19 ± 2.4 | |
Marsh meadow | Surface water | 36 | −4.75 ± 0.21 | −30.37 ± 1.4 | −6.82 ± 0.21 | −32.44 ± 2.16 |
Frozen soil (surface) | 24 | −4.96 ± 0.41 | −31.56 ± 1.3 | −6.71 ± 0.34 | −36.71 ± 0.21 | |
Frozen soil (deep) | 24 | −5.38 ± 1.2 | −33.68 ± 0.4 | −7.49 ± 0.67 | −43.07 ± 1.3 | |
Alpine shrub | Surface water | 32 | −6.84 ± 0.32 | −35.62 ± 0.8 | −7.83 ± 0.24 | −37.89 ± 2.46 |
Groundwater | 36 | −8.19 ± 0.56 | −44.23 ± 1.3 | −9.47 ± 0.47 | 60.58 ± 1.12 | |
Alpine grassland | Surface water | 36 | −5.54 ± 0.11 | −27.33 ± 0.7 | −6.39 ± 0.21 | −30.17 ± 1.82 |
Frozen soil (surface) | 24 | −6.02 ± 0.81 | −34.53 ± 2.2 | −6.47 ± 0.23 | −37.67 ± 1.11 | |
Frozen soil (deep) | 24 | −7.80 ± 0.84 | −44.43 ± 0.9 | −7.91 ± 0.11 | −39.25 ± 1.73 |
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Yang, Y.; Li, B. Temporal and Spatial Variations of Hydrological Processes on the Landscape Zone Scale in an Alpine Cold Region (Mafengou River Basin, China): An Update. Water 2017, 9, 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9080574
Yang Y, Li B. Temporal and Spatial Variations of Hydrological Processes on the Landscape Zone Scale in an Alpine Cold Region (Mafengou River Basin, China): An Update. Water. 2017; 9(8):574. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9080574
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Yonggang, and Bin Li. 2017. "Temporal and Spatial Variations of Hydrological Processes on the Landscape Zone Scale in an Alpine Cold Region (Mafengou River Basin, China): An Update" Water 9, no. 8: 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9080574
APA StyleYang, Y., & Li, B. (2017). Temporal and Spatial Variations of Hydrological Processes on the Landscape Zone Scale in an Alpine Cold Region (Mafengou River Basin, China): An Update. Water, 9(8), 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9080574