Investigation of Geochemical Characteristics and Controlling Processes of Groundwater in a Typical Long-Term Reclaimed Water Use Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection and Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Groundwater Chemistry
3.2. Hydrogeochemical Facies
3.3. Mechanisms Controlling Groundwater Chemistry
3.3.1. Natural Factors
3.3.2. Human Activities
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Shallow GW | Dry Season | Rainy Season | ||||||||
Min | Max | Mean | SD 1 | C.V. (%) 2 | Min | Max | Mean | SD 1 | C.V. (%) 2 | |
T (°C) | 9.5 | 19.1 | 14.7 | 2.7 | 18.08 | 13.0 | 23.5 | 19.5 | 2.8 | 14.53 |
pH | 7.10 | 7.60 | 7.30 | 0.15 | 2.10 | 7.10 | 7.90 | 7.40 | 0.17 | 2.34 |
EC (μS/cm) | 585 | 1716 | 1175 | 279 | 23.76 | 547 | 1794 | 1174 | 311 | 26.46 |
TDS (mg/L) | 389 | 1140 | 782 | 208 | 26.54 | 337 | 1194 | 792 | 255 | 32.24 |
K (mg/L) | 1.26 | 3.24 | 2.06 | 0.55 | 26.85 | 1.03 | 2.92 | 1.78 | 0.53 | 29.79 |
Na (mg/L) | 20.4 | 196.0 | 89.7 | 36.0 | 40.19 | 13.6 | 104.0 | 53.2 | 24.6 | 46.13 |
Ca (mg/L) | 38.9 | 172.0 | 103.6 | 35.1 | 33.85 | 40.1 | 172.0 | 105.5 | 37.0 | 35.07 |
Mg (mg/L) | 16.9 | 135.0 | 60.7 | 25.3 | 41.68 | 17.0 | 130.0 | 58.5 | 22.7 | 38.79 |
Cl (mg/L) | 11.0 | 302.0 | 107.1 | 64.4 | 60.10 | 17.6 | 280.0 | 86.4 | 61.0 | 70.59 |
SO4 (mg/L) | 25.5 | 261.0 | 110.8 | 67.2 | 60.64 | 28.5 | 186.0 | 93.1 | 50.6 | 54.38 |
HCO3 (mg/L) | 282.0 | 785.0 | 536.1 | 127.1 | 23.72 | 255.0 | 728.0 | 510.8 | 122.8 | 24.03 |
NO3 (mg/L) | 0.10 | 34.00 | 6.00 | 8.80 | 146.79 | 0.00 | 27.00 | 5.02 | 6.91 | 137.87 |
NO2 (mg/L) | 0.001 | 0.014 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 156.27 | 0.000 | 0.044 | 0.003 | 0.009 | 330.38 |
NH4 (mg/L) | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 164.08 | 0.00 | 0.63 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 325.07 |
Deep GW | Dry Season | Rainy Season | ||||||||
Min | Max | Mean | SD 1 | C.V. (%) 2 | Min | Max | Mean | SD 1 | C.V. (%) 2 | |
T (°C) | 12.5 | 18.1 | 15.3 | 1.7 | 11.08 | 15.5 | 22.5 | 19.1 | 2.2 | 11.29 |
pH | 7.30 | 7.70 | 7.51 | 0.10 | 1.36 | 7.30 | 8.00 | 7.68 | 0.19 | 2.46 |
EC (μS/cm) | 526 | 1228 | 634 | 167 | 26.33 | 531 | 836 | 605 | 76 | 12.53 |
TDS (mg/L) | 309 | 800 | 389 | 118 | 30.33 | 298 | 554 | 361 | 54 | 14.97 |
K (mg/L) | 1.23 | 2.84 | 1.97 | 0.43 | 21.66 | 1.02 | 3.75 | 1.57 | 0.66 | 42.16 |
Na (mg/L) | 21.5 | 163.0 | 59.6 | 31.6 | 53.05 | 13.2 | 73.2 | 31.6 | 16.9 | 53.49 |
Ca (mg/L) | 29.1 | 96.3 | 51.9 | 13.9 | 26.70 | 32.1 | 88.7 | 52.9 | 14.2 | 26.87 |
Mg (mg/L) | 15.0 | 71.4 | 26.9 | 12.3 | 45.99 | 12.7 | 31.5 | 20.2 | 5.3 | 26.43 |
Cl (mg/L) | 7.7 | 95.3 | 25.5 | 20.0 | 78.31 | 9.2 | 50.7 | 22.2 | 11.8 | 53.09 |
SO4 (mg/L) | 23.4 | 94.4 | 52.7 | 20.5 | 39.02 | 21.5 | 81.3 | 48.9 | 16.8 | 34.36 |
HCO3 (mg/L) | 206.0 | 650.0 | 328.1 | 111.8 | 34.06 | 227.0 | 348.0 | 284.1 | 31.0 | 10.92 |
NO3 (mg/L) | 0.10 | 7.41 | 1.27 | 1.59 | 125.13 | 0.01 | 5.35 | 1.13 | 1.22 | 107.92 |
NO2 (mg/L) | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 129.04 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 92.47 |
NH4 (mg/L) | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 186.24 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 129.04 |
Percent | Shallow GW | Deep GW | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water Type | Dry Season | Rainy Season | Dry Season | Rainy Season | |
Ca-HCO3 | 73.08% | 95.83% | 85.00% | 100.00% | |
Na-Cl | |||||
Mixed Ca-Na-HCO3 | 3.85% | 15.00% | |||
Mixed Ca-Mg-Cl | 23.08% | 4.17% | |||
Ca-Cl | |||||
Na-HCO3 |
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Xiao, Y.; Gu, X.; Yin, S.; Pan, X.; Shao, J.; Cui, Y. Investigation of Geochemical Characteristics and Controlling Processes of Groundwater in a Typical Long-Term Reclaimed Water Use Area. Water 2017, 9, 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100800
Xiao Y, Gu X, Yin S, Pan X, Shao J, Cui Y. Investigation of Geochemical Characteristics and Controlling Processes of Groundwater in a Typical Long-Term Reclaimed Water Use Area. Water. 2017; 9(10):800. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100800
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiao, Yong, Xiaomin Gu, Shiyang Yin, Xingyao Pan, Jingli Shao, and Yali Cui. 2017. "Investigation of Geochemical Characteristics and Controlling Processes of Groundwater in a Typical Long-Term Reclaimed Water Use Area" Water 9, no. 10: 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100800