2.1. Industrial Product/Byproduct Filter Materials
The industrial products/byproducts screened as potential drainage water treatment filter materials in this study can be grouped into six categories: (1) high carbon content media—14 in total; (2) high iron content media—17 in total; (3) high aluminum content media—6 in total; (4) surfactant modified clay/zeolite—6 in total; (5) coal combustion residuals—8 in total; and (6) spent foundry sands—7 in total. These six categories of filter materials were chosen on the basis of past research indicating capability for removing oxyanion and/or organic contaminants from wastewaters [
24,
38,
41,
42,
43,
44,
45]. For consistency, so that all filter materials passed a No. 10 sieve (2 mm), some of the industrial product/byproducts were broken up into smaller granules using a ceramic mortar and pestle. The only filter materials requiring more extensive preparation were the surfactant modified clay or zeolite, which were generated by mixing 100 g of surfactant, 250 g of clay or zeolite, and 500 g of ultrapure deionized water, allowing 24 h for the mixture to equilibrate, and then afterwards draining excess liquid from the surfactant coated clay or zeolite particles. The 58 industrial product/byproducts tested are listed by category as follows and include: (1) the designated short notation for the material used throughout the rest of the article; (2) a descriptive name of the material; (3) organization and/or facility source of the material; and, if applicable, (4) material marketing/research number. The industrial product/byproduct lists are formatted in the following manner:
FILTER MATERIAL NOTATION: Filter Material Description (Filter Material Source), Marketing/Research Number.
High Carbon Content Media
COAL1: Lignite (American Coal Foundation, Washington, DC, USA).
COAL2: Bituminous Coal (American Coal Foundation, Washington, DC, USA).
COAL3: Sub-Bituminous Coal–Wyodak–Anderson Mine, Wyoming, USA (Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA).
COAL4: Bituminous Coal—Illinois #6 Mine, Illinois, USA (Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA).
COAL5: Bituminous Coal—Bailey Enlow Fork Mine, Pennsylvania, USA (CONSOL Energy Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA).
COAL6: Bituminous Coal—Emery Mine, Utah, USA (Consol Energy, Canonsburg, PA, USA).
COKE1: Metallurgical Coke (Mid-Continent Coal and Coke Company, Cleveland, OH, USA).
COKE2: Petroleum Coke (Oxbow Carbon LLC, West Palm Beach, FL, USA).
CHAR: Charcoal (Wicked Good Charcoal, Inc., Kennebunk, ME, USA).
AC1: Steam Activated Carbon (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA).
AC2: Coconut Shell Based Granular Steam Activated Carbon (PICA USA, Inc., Columbus, OH, USA), G55-C(6) 12x30.
AC3: Hardwood Based Chemically Activated Carbon (PICA USA, Inc., Columbus, OH, USA), GX191 12x40.
AC4: Coal Based Granular Steam Activated Carbon (PICA USA, Inc., Columbus, OH, USA), HYDRO F22 12x40.
AC5: Hardwood Based Powdered Steam Activated Carbon (PICA USA, Inc., Columbus, OH, USA), HYDRO MP23.
High Iron Content Media
ZVI1: Iron Aggregate (Connelly-GPM, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), CC-1190.
ZVI2: Iron Aggregate (Connelly-GPM, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), CC-1004.
ZVI3: Carbon Reduced Zero Valent Iron (Hepure Technologies, Inc., Flemington, NJ, USA), H-200.
ZVI4: Hydrogen Reduced Zero Valent Iron (North American Höganäs, Inc., Hollsopple, PA, USA), R-12.
SMI1: Sulfur Modified Iron (North American Höganäs, Inc., Hollsopple, PA, USA), #5014.
SMI2: Sulfur Modified Iron (North American Höganäs, Inc., Hollsopple, PA, USA), R12S6.
SMI3: Sulfur Modified Iron (North American Höganäs, Inc., Hollsopple, PA, USA), W40S6.
PIC: Porous Iron Composite (North American Höganäs, Inc., Hollsopple, PA, USA).
IS1: Pyrite—Natural (FeS2) (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA).
IS2: Iron Sulfide (FeS) (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA).
IS3: Pyrrhotite—Natural (Fe(1-x)S with x = 0 to 0.2) (Ward’s Science, Rochester, NY, USA).
IO1: Granular Ferric Oxide (FeOOH) (Severn Trent—North America, Horsham, PA, USA), E33.
IO2: Black Ion Oxide (Severn Trent—North America, Horsham, PA, USA), E33 HC-F.
IO3: Geothite—Natural (FeOOH) (Ward's Science, Rochester, NY, USA).
IO4: Hematite—Natural (Fe2O3) (Ward's Science, Rochester, NY, USA).
IO5: Ferrihydrite Sludge (Fe2O3·0.5H2O) (Water Treatment Plant in Memphis, TN, USA.
IO6: Iron Oxyhydroxide (Amorphous FeOOH and Ferrihydrite) (Mach I, Inc., King of Prussia, PA, USA), NANOCAT® SFIO.
High Aluminum Content Media
AO1: Bauxite (Ward's Science, Rochester, New York, USA).
AO2: Aluminum Hydroxide (Al(OH)3) (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA).
AO3: Synthetic Gibbsite (Al(OH)3) (Ward's Science, Rochester, NY, USA).
AO4: Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA).
AO5: Aluminum Oxide—Alpha (Al2O3) (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA).
AO6: Aluminum Oxide—Gamma (Al2O3) (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA).
Surfactant Modified Clay/Zeolite
SMC1: Surfactant Modified Clay—(1-Hexadecyl)trimethylammonium Bromide (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA) + Sodium Montmorillonite (The Clay Minerals Society, Chantilly, VA, USA), SWy-2.
SMC2: Surfactant Modified Clay—Alkyldimethylnaphthyl Ammonium Chloride (Mason Chemical Company, Arlington Heights, IL, USA), Maquat NKC-50 I + Sodium Montmorillonite (The Clay Minerals Society, Chantilly, VA, USA), SWy-2.
SMC3: Surfactant Modified Clay—Cocoalkylmethyl PEG-15 Ammonium Chloride (Mason Chemical Company, Arlington Heights, IL, USA), Maquat C-15 + Sodium Montmorillonite (The Clay Minerals Society, Chantilly, VA, USA), SWy-2.
SMZ1: Surfactant Modified Zeolite—(1-Hexadecyl)trimethylammonium Bromide (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA) + Clinoptilolite (Z-Olite Inc., Logan, UT, USA).
SMZ2: Surfactant Modified Zeolite—Alkyldimethylnaphthyl Ammonium Chloride (Mason Chemical Company, Arlington Heights, Illinois, USA), Maquat NKC-50 I + Clinoptilolite (Z-Olite Inc., Logan, UT, USA).
SMZ3: Surfactant Modified Zeolite—Cocoalkylmethyl PEG-15 Ammonium Chloride (Mason Chemical Company, Arlington Heights, IL, USA), Maquat C-15 + Clinoptilolite (Z-Olite Inc., Logan, UT, USA).
Coal Combustion Residuals
CCR1: Fly Ash—Gavin Power Plant, Ohio, USA (American Electric Power, Columbus, OH, USA).
CCR2: Bottom Ash—Gavin Power Plant, Ohio, USA (American Electric Power, Columbus, OH, USA).
CCR3: FGD Material (Scrubber Sludge)—Gavin Power Plant, Ohio, USA (American Electric Power, Columbus, OH, USA).
CCR4: Gypsum Quality FGD Material—Gavin Power Plant, Ohio, USA (American Electric Power, Columbus, OH, USA).
CCR5: Fly Ash—Conesville Power Plant, Ohio, USA (American Electric Power, Columbus, OH, USA).
CCR6: Fly Ash—Mitchell Power Plant, West Virginia, USA (American Electric Power, Columbus, OH, USA).
CCR7: Fly Ash—W. C. Beckjord Power Plant, Ohio, USA (Duke Energy, Charlotte, NC, USA).
CCP8: Calciment Fly Ash (Mitek Resources, Beavercreek, OH, USA).
Spent Foundry Sands
FS1: Green Sand—Steel Casting Foundry (Columbus Steel Castings Company, Columbus, OH, USA).
FS2: No Bake Sand—Steel Casting Foundry (Fisher Cast Steel, Inc., West Jefferson, OH, USA).
FS3: Green Sand—Aluminum Casting Foundry (Industrial Aluminum and Bronze Foundry, Columbus, OH, USA).
FS4: Green Sand—Iron Casting Foundry—Vine Street Facility, Kenton, Ohio, USA (Kenton Iron Products, Kenton, OH, USA).
FS5: No Bake Sand—Iron Casting Foundry—Vision Drive Facility, Kenton, Ohio, USA (Kenton Iron Products, Kenton, OH, USA).
FS6: No Bake Sand—Iron Casting Foundry (Liberty Casting Company, Delaware, OH, USA).
FS7: Green Sand—Iron Casting Foundry (General Motors Powertrain Defiance Foundry, Defiance, OH, USA).