Applying a Simple Analytical Solution to Modelling Wind-Driven Coastal Upwelling of Two-Layered Fluid at the Head of Tokyo Bay, Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Simple Explanation for Blue Tide Occurrence and Derivation of the Analytical Solution
- (1)
- Although the actual coastline of Tokyo Bay is irregular, the chosen domain was considered to be a rectangular flat domain 50 km in length, 20 km in width and with an average water depth of 15 m, as indicated by three solid red lines and a dashed red line showing the imaginary southwest shore in Figure 1. The remaining 10 km is the outer bay, which does not have not much exchange with the inner bay, as shown by many studies [15,22,26,28]. Figure 2a schematically shows the dimensions of the chosen research domain, where is the length, and in the right-handed Cartesian coordinate system, the axis follows the northeasterly wind, the axis is perpendicular to the length direction, and the axis is positive in the upward direction relative to the quiescent surface water level;
- (2)
- A imple two-layered fluid model consisting of an upper wind-driven water layer and a bottom oxygen-depleted water layer was adopted to represent the actual stratified flow in Tokyo Bay. Similar studies have been carried out by Otsubo et al. [5], Nakatsuji et al. [16] and Yoon et al. [17,18,19]. Figure 2b schematically shows this conceptual two-layered fluid model.
3. Comparison with Observational Data
3.1. Handling of the Observational Datasets
3.2. Comparison with Real Cases of Blue Tides on the Northeast Shore
3.3. Comparison with Real Cases Lacking Blue Tides
4. Discussion and Concluding Remarks
4.1. Discussion
4.2. Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Month | Year | Surface Temperature (°C) | Surface Salinity (psu) | The Upper Layer Density (kg/m3) | Bottom Temperature (°C) | Bottom Salinity (psu) | The Lower Layer Density (kg/m3) | Average Density Value of the Upper Layer (kg/m3) | Average Density Value of the Bottom Layer (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
May | 2003 | 19.00 | 29.80 | 1021.08 | 16.80 | 32.20 | 1023.44 | 1021.12 | 1023.06 |
2004 | 18.00 | 30.20 | 1021.63 | 16.80 | 31.80 | 1023.13 | |||
2005 | 18.00 | 31.00 | 1022.24 | 16.80 | 32.60 | 1023.75 | |||
2006 | 18.00 | 30.20 | 1021.63 | 16.80 | 31.80 | 1023.13 | |||
2007 | 18.60 | 30.20 | 1021.48 | 18.00 | 31.40 | 1022.55 | |||
2008 | 16.80 | 31.00 | 1022.52 | 15.00 | 32.20 | 1023.84 | |||
2009 | 19.20 | 29.80 | 1021.03 | 16.80 | 31.40 | 1022.83 | |||
2010 | 18.00 | 29.00 | 1020.71 | 15.60 | 31.00 | 1022.79 | |||
2012 | 19.20 | 27.80 | 1019.51 | 16.80 | 31.00 | 1022.52 | |||
2014 | 20.40 | 29.40 | 1020.42 | 18.00 | 31.80 | 1022.85 | |||
2015 | 20.40 | 29.00 | 1020.12 | 18.00 | 31.80 | 1022.85 | |||
June | 2003 | 22.80 | 29.00 | 1019.47 | 20.40 | 31.80 | 1022.25 | 1019.20 | 1022.75 |
2004 | 22.80 | 27.80 | 1018.57 | 20.40 | 31.00 | 1021.64 | |||
2005 | 21.60 | 29.80 | 1020.41 | 18.00 | 32.60 | 1023.46 | |||
2006 | 20.40 | 29.00 | 1020.12 | 16.80 | 33.00 | 1024.05 | |||
2007 | 22.80 | 29.00 | 1019.47 | 19.20 | 31.80 | 1022.56 | |||
2008 | 21.60 | 27.00 | 1018.29 | 19.20 | 31.80 | 1022.56 | |||
2009 | 21.60 | 27.00 | 1018.29 | 18.00 | 31.40 | 1022.55 | |||
2010 | 21.60 | 28.00 | 1019.04 | 19.20 | 31.00 | 1021.95 | |||
2012 | 21.60 | 29.00 | 1019.80 | 19.00 | 31.80 | 1022.61 | |||
2014 | 21.80 | 27.80 | 1018.84 | 19.20 | 32.20 | 1022.86 | |||
2015 | 21.60 | 27.80 | 1018.89 | 18.00 | 33.00 | 1023.77 | |||
July | 2003 | 22.80 | 29.00 | 1019.47 | 19.60 | 32.60 | 1023.06 | 1017.67 | 1021.96 |
2004 | 26.40 | 28.20 | 1017.82 | 22.80 | 31.00 | 1020.99 | |||
2005 | 24.00 | 27.00 | 1017.63 | 20.40 | 32.20 | 1022.55 | |||
2006 | 24.00 | 28.20 | 1018.53 | 19.20 | 32.20 | 1022.86 | |||
2007 | 24.00 | 29.00 | 1019.14 | 20.40 | 32.60 | 1022.86 | |||
2008 | 26.40 | 25.00 | 1015.42 | 19.20 | 31.40 | 1022.25 | |||
2009 | 25.20 | 27.00 | 1017.28 | 21.60 | 30.20 | 1020.71 | |||
2010 | 26.40 | 27.00 | 1016.92 | 21.60 | 31.00 | 1021.32 | |||
2012 | 25.20 | 27.80 | 1017.88 | 20.40 | 31.00 | 1021.64 | |||
2014 | 26.40 | 26.60 | 1016.62 | 20.40 | 31.80 | 1022.25 | |||
2015 | 24.00 | 27.00 | 1017.63 | 20.40 | 30.20 | 1021.03 | |||
August | 2003 | 26.40 | 27.00 | 1016.92 | 22.80 | 30.60 | 1020.69 | 1016.91 | 1020.91 |
2004 | 26.40 | 29.00 | 1018.42 | 25.20 | 31.00 | 1020.29 | |||
2005 | 27.60 | 25.00 | 1015.05 | 21.60 | 31.80 | 1021.93 | |||
2006 | 26.40 | 27.00 | 1016.92 | 19.20 | 31.80 | 1022.56 | |||
2007 | 28.20 | 27.00 | 1016.36 | 24.00 | 31.00 | 1020.65 | |||
2008 | 26.40 | 27.00 | 1016.92 | 24.00 | 31.00 | 1020.65 | |||
2009 | 26.40 | 27.80 | 1017.52 | 21.60 | 31.40 | 1021.62 | |||
2010 | 28.80 | 27.00 | 1016.16 | 25.20 | 31.00 | 1020.29 | |||
2012 | 27.80 | 27.80 | 1017.08 | 25.00 | 31.00 | 1020.35 | |||
2014 | 26.40 | 27.00 | 1016.92 | 24.00 | 29.80 | 1019.74 | |||
2015 | 27.60 | 28.60 | 1017.75 | 22.80 | 31.40 | 1021.29 | |||
September | 2003 | 25.80 | 29.00 | 1018.60 | 22.80 | 31.00 | 1020.99 | 1018.93 | 1021.53 |
2004 | 25.20 | 30.20 | 1019.69 | 24.00 | 31.40 | 1020.95 | |||
2005 | 25.20 | 27.00 | 1017.28 | 21.60 | 31.00 | 1021.32 | |||
2006 | 24.00 | 29.00 | 1019.14 | 21.60 | 32.20 | 1022.23 | |||
2007 | 25.20 | 29.00 | 1018.78 | 22.80 | 31.00 | 1020.99 | |||
2008 | 25.20 | 29.00 | 1018.78 | 22.80 | 32.60 | 1022.20 | |||
2009 | 22.80 | 31.00 | 1020.99 | 21.60 | 32.60 | 1022.53 | |||
2010 | 27.60 | 29.00 | 1018.05 | 24.00 | 32.20 | 1021.55 | |||
2012 | 27.60 | 29.00 | 1018.05 | 25.20 | 31.40 | 1020.59 | |||
2014 | 22.80 | 29.80 | 1020.08 | 21.60 | 32.60 | 1022.53 | |||
2015 | 24.00 | 28.60 | 1018.83 | 22.80 | 31.00 | 1020.99 | |||
October | 2003 | 20.40 | 31.00 | 1021.64 | 19.80 | 32.20 | 1022.71 | 1020.92 | 1022.30 |
2004 | 21.60 | 29.00 | 1019.80 | 21.60 | 32.20 | 1022.23 | |||
2005 | 21.60 | 31.00 | 1021.32 | 21.60 | 32.20 | 1022.23 | |||
2006 | 21.00 | 29.80 | 1020.57 | 21.00 | 32.20 | 1022.39 | |||
2007 | 21.60 | 29.00 | 1019.80 | 21.60 | 32.20 | 1022.23 | |||
2008 | 21.60 | 30.20 | 1020.71 | 21.60 | 32.60 | 1022.53 | |||
2009 | 21.60 | 31.00 | 1021.32 | 21.60 | 32.20 | 1022.23 | |||
2010 | 21.60 | 31.00 | 1021.32 | 21.60 | 33.00 | 1022.84 | |||
2012 | 20.40 | 31.40 | 1021.94 | 20.40 | 32.20 | 1022.55 | |||
2014 | 21.60 | 29.80 | 1020.41 | 21.60 | 32.60 | 1022.53 | |||
2015 | 20.40 | 30.60 | 1021.33 | 20.40 | 31.80 | 1022.25 | |||
November | 2003 | 18.00 | 31.00 | 1022.24 | 18.00 | 32.60 | 1023.46 | 1021.94 | 1023.10 |
2004 | 19.20 | 29.00 | 1020.42 | 19.20 | 31.80 | 1022.56 | |||
2005 | 18.00 | 31.00 | 1022.24 | 19.20 | 32.60 | 1023.17 | |||
2006 | 18.00 | 31.00 | 1022.24 | 18.00 | 32.20 | 1023.16 | |||
2007 | 18.00 | 31.00 | 1022.24 | 18.00 | 32.60 | 1023.46 | |||
2008 | 19.20 | 31.40 | 1022.25 | 19.20 | 32.20 | 1022.86 | |||
2009 | 19.20 | 30.60 | 1021.64 | 19.20 | 31.80 | 1022.56 | |||
2010 | 18.00 | 29.80 | 1021.32 | 18.00 | 31.00 | 1022.24 | |||
2012 | 16.80 | 30.60 | 1022.21 | 15.60 | 31.80 | 1023.40 | |||
2014 | 18.00 | 31.40 | 1022.55 | 16.80 | 32.60 | 1023.75 | |||
2015 | 20.20 | 31.40 | 1021.99 | 18.00 | 32.60 | 1023.46 |
Month | Year | The Thickness of the Upper Layer (m) | Average Thickness Value of the Upper Layer (m) | Month | Year | The Thickness of the Upper Layer (m) | Average Thickness Value of the Upper Layer (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
May | 2003 | 4.00 | 5.00 | September | 2003 | 3.00 | 3.41 |
2004 | 5.00 | 2004 | 5.00 | ||||
2005 | 5.00 | 2005 | 3.00 | ||||
2006 | 5.00 | 2006 | 3.00 | ||||
2007 | 5.00 | 2007 | 3.00 | ||||
2008 | 5.00 | 2008 | 3.00 | ||||
2009 | 5.00 | 2009 | 2.00 | ||||
2010 | 5.00 | 2010 | 3.00 | ||||
2012 | 5.00 | 2012 | 3.00 | ||||
2014 | 6.00 | 2014 | 5.00 | ||||
2015 | 5.00 | 2015 | 4.50 | ||||
June | 2003 | 5.00 | 4.50 | October | 2003 | 4.00 | 3.95 |
2004 | 4.50 | 2004 | 4.00 | ||||
2005 | 5.00 | 2005 | 5.00 | ||||
2006 | 3.00 | 2006 | 3.00 | ||||
2007 | 5.50 | 2007 | 3.00 | ||||
2008 | 4.00 | 2008 | 3.00 | ||||
2009 | 5.00 | 2009 | 4.00 | ||||
2010 | 5.00 | 2010 | 3.00 | ||||
2012 | 4.00 | 2012 | 5.00 | ||||
2014 | 4.00 | 2014 | 4.50 | ||||
2015 | 4.50 | 2015 | 5.00 | ||||
July | 2003 | 3.00 | 4.09 | November | 2003 | 5.00 | 5.05 |
2004 | 4.00 | 2004 | 4.00 | ||||
2005 | 4.00 | 2005 | 5.00 | ||||
2006 | 3.00 | 2006 | 5.00 | ||||
2007 | 3.00 | 2007 | 5.00 | ||||
2008 | 4.50 | 2008 | 5.00 | ||||
2009 | 5.00 | 2009 | 5.00 | ||||
2010 | 5.50 | 2010 | 5.00 | ||||
2012 | 5.00 | 2012 | 5.50 | ||||
2014 | 4.00 | 2014 | 5.50 | ||||
2015 | 4.00 | 2015 | 5.50 | ||||
August | 2003 | 4.00 | 4.05 | ||||
2004 | 5.00 | ||||||
2005 | 3.50 | ||||||
2006 | 3.00 | ||||||
2007 | 5.00 | ||||||
2008 | 4.00 | ||||||
2009 | 3.00 | ||||||
2010 | 5.00 | ||||||
2012 | 4.00 | ||||||
2014 | 4.00 | ||||||
2015 | 4.00 |
Blue Tide on the Northeast Shore of Tokyo Bay | Northeasterly Wind | Stratification Condition | The Analytical Solution | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Occurrence Date | Occurrence Area | Average Wind Speed (m/s) | Surface Temperature//Surface Salinity (°C)//(psu) | Bottom Temperature//Bottom Salinity (°C)//(psu) | The Upper Layer Density (kg/m3) | The Bottom Layer Density (kg/m3) | The Thickness of the Upper Layer (m) | ||
2005 | 16–17 May | Urayasu~Ichigawa~Funabashi | 2.99 | 15.6//32.2 | 15.6//33.4 | 1023.71 | 1024.63 | 5.00 | w ≥ 1.76 m/s |
2007 | 1–2 October | Funabashi | 3.76 | 21.6//29 | 21.6//32.8 | 1019.80 | 1022.69 | 5.00 | w ≥ 3.12 m/s |
2008 | 13–14 November | Funabashi~Ichigawa | 3.38 | 18//32.2 | 19.2//33.00 | 1023.16 | 1023.47 | 5.00 | w ≥ 1.02 m/s |
2011 | 31 May–2 June | Funabashi | 3.30 | - | - | 1021.12 | 1023.06 | 5.00 | w ≥ 2.56 m/s |
2011 | 21–24 October | Funabashi~Makuhari | 3.76 | - | - | 1020.92 | 1022.30 | 3.95 | w ≥ 1.70 m/s |
2012 | 23–25 May | Makuhari | 4.37 | 19.2//28.2 | 16.8//31.8 | 1019.81 | 1023.13 | 5.00 | w ≥ 3.35 m/s |
2013 | 24–27 September | Makuhari~Funabashi | 4.73 | - | - | 1018.93 | 1021.53 | 3.41 | w ≥ 2.02 m/s |
2014 | 27 August–3 September | Makuhari~Funabashi | - | 26.4//27 | 22.8//31.8 | 1016.92 | 1021.59 | 4.00 | w ≥ 3.18 m/s |
2016 | 14–15 June | Funabashi | 3.72 | - | - | 1019.20 | 1022.75 | 4.50 | w ≥ 3.11 m/s |
Blue Tide on the Northeast Shore During 1978–2002 | Northeasterly Wind | Stratification Condition Using Representative Values | The Analytical Solution | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Occurrence Date | Occurrence Area | Average Wind Speed (m/s) | The Upper Layer Density (kg/m3) | The Bottom Layer Density (kg/m3) | The Thickness of the Upper Layer (m) | ||
1978 | 31 May | Urayasu~Funabashi | 3.73 | 1021.12 | 1023.06 | 5.00 | w ≥ 2.56 m/s |
1978 | 13 June | Funabashi | 3.36 | 1019.20 | 1022.75 | 4.50 | w ≥ 3.11 m/s |
1978 | 16–17 July | Makuhari | 4.30 | 1017.67 | 1021.96 | 4.09 | w ≥ 3.11 m/s |
1978 | 14–16 August | Makuhari | 4.25 | 1016.91 | 1020.91 | 4.05 | w ≥ 2.98 m/s |
1980 | 2–5 August | Funabashi~Makuhari | 5.80 | 1016.91 | 1020.91 | 4.05 | w ≥ 2.98 m/s |
1980 | 19 September | Funabashi | 3.96 | 1018.93 | 1021.53 | 3.41 | w ≥ 2.02 m/s |
1982 | 21–23 May | Ichigawa | 4.55 | 1021.12 | 1023.06 | 5.00 | w ≥ 2.56 m/s |
1982 | 27–29 July | Ichigawa~Makuhari | 3.50 | 1017.67 | 1021.96 | 4.09 | w ≥ 3.11 m/s |
1982 | 6 September | Funabashi | 5.03 | 1018.93 | 1021.53 | 3.41 | w ≥ 2.02 m/s |
1984 | 24–26 August | Funabashi~Makuhari | 3.82 | 1016.91 | 1020.91 | 4.05 | w ≥ 2.98 m/s |
1984 | 9 September | Funabashi | 3.12 | 1018.93 | 1021.53 | 3.41 | w ≥ 2.02 m/s |
1985 | 15–18 June | Funabashi | 6.07 | 1019.20 | 1022.75 | 4.50 | w ≥ 3.11 m/s |
1986 | 4 August | Urayasu~Ichigawa | 3.94 | 1016.91 | 1020.91 | 4.05 | w ≥ 2.98 m/s |
1988 | 24 May | Funabashi | 4.94 | 1021.12 | 1023.06 | 5.00 | w ≥ 2.56 m/s |
1988 | 3–8 September | Funabashi | 3.75 | 1018.93 | 1021.53 | 3.41 | w ≥ 2.02 m/s |
1989 | 20 June | Funabashi | 4.28 | 1019.20 | 1022.75 | 4.50 | w ≥ 3.11 m/s |
1989 | 26–27 August | Funabashi | 4.50 | 1016.91 | 1020.91 | 4.05 | w ≥ 2.98 m/s |
1989 | 22–24 September | Funabashi~Makuhari | 3.92 | 1018.93 | 1021.53 | 3.41 | w ≥ 2.02 m/s |
1989 | 30 October | Funabashi~Makuhari | 3.35 | 1020.92 | 1022.30 | 3.95 | w ≥ 1.70 m/s |
1990 | 28 June–2 July | Funabashi~Makuhari | 4.18 | 1019.20 | 1022.75 | 4.50 | w ≥ 3.11 m/s |
1990 | 6 August | Ichigawa~Funabashi~Makuhari | 5.89 | 1016.91 | 1020.91 | 4.05 | w ≥ 2.98 m/s |
1990 | 7–8 September | Urayasu~Funabashi | 4.72 | 1018.93 | 1021.53 | 3.41 | w ≥ 2.02 m/s |
1990 | 27–29 September | Funabashi~Makuhari | 3.99 | 1018.93 | 1021.53 | 3.41 | w ≥ 2.02 m/s |
1992 | 1 June | Funabashi~Makuhari | 2.80 | 1019.20 | 1022.75 | 4.50 | w ≥ 3.11 m/s |
1992 | 2 July | Funabashi | 4.18 | 1017.67 | 1021.96 | 4.09 | w ≥ 3.11 m/s |
1992 | 3–6 August | Ichigawa~Funabashi | 5.12 | 1016.91 | 1020.91 | 4.05 | w ≥ 2.98 m/s |
1994 | 4–8 November | Makuhari~Funabashi | 3.45 | 1021.94 | 1023.10 | 5.05 | w ≥ 1.99 m/s |
1996 | 10–12 September | Funabashi~Makuhari | 3.71 | 1018.93 | 1021.53 | 3.41 | w ≥ 2.02 m/s |
1999 | 30 September | Funabashi | 2.97 | 1018.93 | 1021.53 | 3.41 | w ≥ 2.02 m/s |
1999 | 18–20 October | Funabashi | 3.46 | 1020.92 | 1022.30 | 3.95 | w ≥1.70 m/s |
2000 | 27–29 September | Funabashi | 2.85 | 1018.93 | 1021.53 | 3.41 | w ≥ 2.02 m/s |
2001 | 23–24 April | Funabashi | 4.39 | - | - | - | - |
2001 | 9–10 October | Makuhari and Funabashi and Ichigawa | 3.99 | 1021.94 | 1023.10 | 3.95 | w ≥ 1.56 m/s |
Real Case without Blue Tide | Stratification Condition | The Analytical Solution | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Northeasterly Wind | |||||||
Average Wind Speed (m/s) | Surface Temperature//Surface Salinity (°C)//(psu) | Bottom Temperature//Bottom Salinity (°C)//(psu) | The Upper Layer Density (kg/m3) | The Bottom Layer Density (kg/m3) | The Thickness of the Upper Layer (m) | |||
2003 | May | 4.00 | 19.2//29.8 | 16.8//32.2 | 1021.03 | 1023.44 | 7.00 | w ≥ 4.03 m/s |
June | 3.16 | 24//29.4 | 20.4//32.6 | 1019.44 | 1022.86 | 5.00 | w ≥ 3.43 m/s | |
July | 2.33,3.33,3,3.1 | 22.8//29.4,22.8//29.4,22.8//27.8,22.8//29.4 | 21.6//31.8,20//33,20//32.6,20//33 | 1019.78,1019.78,1018.57,1019.78 | 1021.93,1023.27,1022.96,1023.27 | 5,5,4.5,4.5 | w ≥ 2.72,3.46,3.49,3.12 m/s | |
August | 3.08,3.17,3 | 26.4//27,22.8//27,22.8//27 | 24//31,21.6//32.6,20.4//32.6 | 1016.92,1017.96,1017.96 | 1020.65,1022.53,1022.86 | 5,4,4 | w ≥ 3.58,3.17,3.28 m/s | |
September | 3,2.5 | 26.4//26.2,20.4//30.6 | 22//31.8,20//32.2 | 1016.32,1021.33 | 1021.82,1022.66 | 4,6 | w ≥ 3.47,2.57 m/s | |
October | 3.90 | 19.2//31.4 | 19//32.6 | 1022.25 | 1023.22 | 5.50 | w ≥ 2.01 m/s | |
November | 4.50 | 19.2//31.8 | 19//33.4 | 1022.56 | 1023.83 | 4.00 | w ≥ 1.67 m/s | |
2004 | May | 3.27,2.9,2.83 | 16.8//30.6,19.2//31,19//30.2 | 16//32.2,18//32.2,16.8//33 | 1022.21,1021.95,1021.39 | 1023.62,1023.16,1024.06 | 6.5,5.5,5 | w ≥ 2.86,2.32,3.03 m/s |
June | 3.80 | 21.6//27.8 | 18//32.6 | 1018.89 | 1023.46 | 5.00 | w ≥ 3.96 m/s | |
July | 3.50 | 25.2//28.2 | 20.4//31.4 | 1018.18 | 1021.94 | 5.00 | w ≥ 3.59 m/s | |
September | 3.1,2.8,2.7,2.5 | 26//29,26//29,26//30.2,23//31.8 | 25.2//31,25.2//31,24//32.6,22.6//33 | 1018.54,1018.54,1019.45,1021.54 | 1020.29,1020.29,1021.85,1022.56 | 6.5,6,5,5 | w ≥ 3.19,2.94,2.87,1.87 m/s | |
October | 3,2.8,2.1 | 20.4//29,22.6//28.6,20.4//29 | 21//33,22//31.4,20//31.8 | 1020.12,1019.23,1020.12 | 1023.00,1021.51,1022.35 | 5,5,5 | w ≥ 3.15,2.80,2.77 m/s | |
November | 2.45 | 19.2//29.8 | 20.4//33 | 1021.03 | 1023.16 | 5.00 | w ≥ 2.71 m/s | |
2005 | May | 3.07,3.8,2.63 | 18//30,17//29.8,16.8//31 | 15.6//33,15.6//33.4,15.6//33.4 | 1021.48,1021.56,1022.52 | 1024.33,1024.64,1024.64 | 5,5.5,5 | w ≥ 3.13,3.58,2.70 m/s |
July | 3.5,3.58 | 24//29,24//27 | 19.2//33,20.4//31 | 1019.14,1017.63 | 1023.47,1021.64 | 5,5 | w ≥ 3.85,3.71 m/s | |
September | 3.20 | 26//25 | 24//29.8 | 1015.54 | 1019.74 | 5.50 | w ≥ 4.18 m/s | |
October | 2.4,4.3 | 22//30.6,21.6//30.2 | 20.4//32.6,21//31.8 | 1020.91,1020.71 | 1022.86,1022.09 | 5,5 | w ≥ 2.59,2.61 m/s | |
2006 | May | 5.40 | 15.6//31.4 | 14.4//32.2 | 1023.10 | 1023.97 | 7.00 | w ≥ 2.42 m/s |
June | 3.9,3,2.9 | 18//31.8,19.2//30.6,22.8//28 | 15.6//33.4,16//33,17//33 | 1022.85,1021.64,1018.72 | 1024.64,1024.24,1024.01 | 4,5.5,5 | w ≥ 1.98,3.29,4.26 m/s | |
July | 2.4,3.1 | 27.6//26.2,25.2//27.8 | 19.2//32.6,18//33 | 1015.95,1017.88 | 1023.17,1023.17 | 5,4.5 | w ≥ 4.97,4.04 m/s | |
September | 3.33,2.8,2.9,3.3 | 25.2//27.4,25.2//29.8,22.8//29.8,21.6//29 | 20.4//32.8,21.6//32.2,21.6//32.6,20.4//33 | 1017.58,1019.39,1020.08,1019.80 | 1023.01,1022.23,1022.53,1023.16 | 4.5,4.5,5,6 | w ≥ 3.88,2.81,2.90,4.08 m/s | |
October | 2.62,2.9,4.3 | 22//30.2,21.6//27,21.6//29.8 | 20.4//32.6,20.4//31,20.4//31.8 | 1020.60,1018.29,1020.41 | 1022.86,1021.64,1022.25 | 5,5.5,5 | w ≥ 2.79,3.73,2.52 m/s | |
November | 2.00 | 15.6//31 | 18//33 | 1022.79 | 1023.77 | 6.50 | w ≥ 2.39 m/s | |
2007 | July | 3,3.26,2.8,5.3 | 24//31,22.8//30.2,24//27,25.2//27.4 | 19.2//33,19.2//33,19.2//33,19.2//33 | 1020.65,1020.38,1017.63,1017.58 | 1023.47,1023.47,1023.47,1023.47 | 5,5,5,4.5 | w ≥ 3.11,3.26,4.47,4.04 m/s |
August | 3.64 | 27.6//27.8 | 21.6//33 | 1017.15 | 1022.84 | 4.50 | w ≥ 3.97 m/s | |
September | 2.9,3.5 | 25.2//25,25.2//25.8 | 24//31,21.6//30.6 | 1015.77,1016.38 | 1020.65 | 1021.02 | w ≥ 5.32,3.59 m/s | |
October | 2.53 | 21.6//29.8 | 20.4//33 | 1020.41 | 1023.16 | 4.50 | w ≥ 2.77 m/s | |
November | 2.75,4 | 18//31,18//30.6 | 19.2//32.2,19.2//32.6 | 1022.24,1021.93 | 1022.86,1023.17 | 6.5,6 | w ≥ 2.76,2.48 m/s | |
2008 | May | 3.75,4.8,2.6,2.6,6 | 17//29.8,18//29.8,16.8//31,16.8//31,16.8//31 | 15//33,16//31.4,15//33,15//33,15//33 | 1021.56,1021.32,1022.52,1022.52,1022.52 | 1024.46,1023.01,1024.46,1024.46,1024.46 | 6,5,5,5,5 | w ≥ 3.79,2.41,2.58,2.58,2.58m/s |
June | 3,3.8,4.2 | 20.4//27,21.6//26.2,21.6//26.2 | 18//31.8,18//32.6,18//33 | 1018.60,1017.68,1017.67 | 1022.85,1023.46,1023.77 | 5,4.5,5 | w ≥ 3.82,4.01,4.57 m/s | |
July | 2.40 | 27.6//25.8 | 19.2//31.8 | 1015.65 | 1022.56 | 4.00 | w ≥ 3.89 m/s | |
September | 2.40 | 25.2//28.2 | 24//32.6 | 1018.18 | 1021.85 | 4.00 | w ≥ 2.84 m/s | |
October | 3.58 | 21.6//32.8 | 21//33 | 1022.69 | 1023.00 | 5.00 | w ≥ 1.03 m/s | |
2009 | June | 3.1,2.8 | 21.6//28.6,21.6//29 | 18//32.2,17//33 | 1019.50,1019.80 | 1023.16,1024.01 | 5,4.5 | w ≥ 3.55,3.42 m/s |
July | 2.3,3.1 | 24//29.8,26.4//27 | 19.2//31.8,20.4//31.4 | 1019.74,1016.92 | 1022.56,1021.94 | 5,4.5 | w ≥ 3.11,3.73 m/s | |
August | 3.5,2.4 | 26.4//27,26.4//29 | 21.6//32.6,22.8//32.6 | 1016.92,1018.42 | 1022.53,1022.20 | 5,4 | w ≥ 4.39,2.88 m/s | |
September | 3.7,2.3,2.6,2.1 | 22.8//31.4,23//31.4,22//32.2,22.8//31 | 21.6//32.6,21.6//33,20.4//32.8,21.6//33 | 1021.29,1021.24,1022.12,1020.99 | 1022.53,1022.84,1023.01,1022.84 | 4.5,5,5,5 | w ≥ 1.86,2.35,2.62,2.52 m/s | |
October | 2.3,3.2 | 22//30.2,22//30.6 | 21.6//32.2,21.6//31.8 | 1020.60,1020.91 | 1022.23,1021.93 | 5,5.5 | w ≥ 2.37,2.06 m/s | |
2010 | May | 2.35,2.83 | 19.2//29.4,19.2//29.8 | 18//31,16.8//32.2 | 1020.73,1021.03 | 1022.24,1023.44 | 5.5,5 | w ≥ 2.51,2.88 m/s |
June | 3.33,2.4 | 19.2//29.8,21.6//29 | 16.8//33,16.8//33 | 1021.03,1019.80 | 1024.06,1024.06 | 5.5,5 | w ≥ 3.55,3.82 m/s | |
August | 3.08 | 27.6//28.6 | 23//32.6 | 1017.75 | 1022.14 | 4.00 | w ≥ 3.10 m/s | |
October | 2.1,2,2.5,3.2 | 21.6//31,21.6//31,22.8//30.8,21.6//31.4 | 21//32.6,21//32.6,21//33,21//33 | 1021.32,1021.32,1020.84,1021.62 | 1022.70,1022.70,1023.00,1023.00 | 5,5,5,4.5 | w ≥ 2.18,2.18,2.73,1.96 m/s | |
2011 | May | 3.17,2.55,2.6 | - | - | 1021.12 | 1023.06 | 5.00 | w ≥ 2.58 m/s |
June | 2.7,2.8,3,1.7 | - | - | 1019.20 | 1022.75 | 4.50 | w ≥ 3.14 m/s | |
July | 3.00 | - | - | 1017.67 | 1021.96 | 4.09 | w ≥ 3.14 m/s | |
August | 2.2,3,2.9 | - | - | 1016.91 | 1020.91 | 4.05 | w ≥ 3.00 m/s | |
October | 2.80 | - | - | 1020.92 | 1022.30 | 3.95 | w ≥ 1.72 m/s | |
November | 2.00 | - | - | 1021.94 | 1023.10 | 5.05 | w ≥ 2.02 m/s | |
2012 | June | 2.73,3.1,3.9 | 19.2//31,21.6//27,21.6//30.2 | 16.8//33.4,20.4//31,19.2//32.2 | 1021.95,1018.29,1020.71 | 1024.36,1021.64,1022.86 | 5,6,5 | w ≥ 2.88,4.07,2.72 m/s |
July | 3.30 | 26.4//29 | 22.8//32.2 | 1018.42 | 1021.90 | 5.50 | w ≥ 3.80 m/s | |
August | 3.20 | 27.6//29 | 22.8//32.2 | 1018.05 | 1021.90 | 4.50 | w ≥ 3.27 m/s | |
September | 2.50 | 26.4//30 | 23//32.6 | 1019.17 | 1022.14 | 4.00 | w ≥ 2.56 m/s | |
October | 2.33,4,2.37 | 23//31.4,22.8//31,20.4//31 | 22//32.2,21.6//32.6,20//32 | 1021.23,1020.99,1021.64 | 1022.12,1022.53,1022.50 | 6.5,5.5,6.8 | w ≥ 2.28,2.53,2.34 m/s | |
November | 2.90 | 15.8//31 | 15//33 | 1022.75 | 1024.46 | 6.00 | w ≥ 2.91 m/s | |
2013 | May | 2.53,3.9 | - | - | 1021.12 | 1023.06 | 5.00 | w ≥ 2.58 m/s |
July | 3,3.1 | - | - | 1017.67 | 1021.96 | 4.09 | w ≥ 3.14 m/s | |
August | 3.00 | - | - | 1016.91 | 1020.91 | 4.05 | w ≥ 3.00 m/s | |
September | 2.00 | - | - | 1018.93 | 1021.53 | 3.41 | w ≥ 2.04 m/s | |
October | 3.65,2.2 | - | - | 1020.92 | 1022.30 | 3.95 | w ≥ 2.23 m/s | |
2014 | May | 3.20 | 19.2//29.4 | 16.8//33 | 1020.73 | 1024.06 | 5.50 | w ≥ 3.72 m/s |
June | 2.8,2.7 | 24//27,22.8//28 | 18//33.4,18//33.4 | 1017.63,1018.72 | 1024.08,1024.08 | 4.5,4 | w ≥ 4.23,3.43 m/s | |
July | 2.9,2.7 | 24//27,25.2//26 | 18//33,19.2//32 | 1017.63,1016.53 | 1023.77,1022.71 | 4.5,4 | w ≥ 4.13,3.68 m/s | |
August | 3.80 | 26//27 | 24//31 | 1017.04 | 1020.65 | 5.50 | w ≥ 3.87 m/s | |
September | 1.9,3.1 | 24//29,24//29 | 20//33,22//32 | 1019.13,1019.14 | 1023.27,1021.97 | 5.5,5 | w ≥ 4.15,3.12 m/s | |
October | 3.50 | 21.6//30 | 21//32 | 1020.56 | 1022.24 | 5.00 | w ≥ 2.40 m/s | |
2015 | June | 2.80 | 24//28 | 18//33 | 1018.38 | 1023.77 | 5.00 | w ≥ 4.30 m/s |
July | 1.75 | 22.8//26 | 19.2//31 | 1017.21 | 1021.95 | 5.00 | w ≥ 4.03 m/s | |
August | 4.10 | 27.6//26 | 21.6//32 | 1015.80 | 1022.08 | 5.00 | w ≥ 4.64 m/s | |
September | 3.78,3.3 | 25.2//25,24//27 | 24//29,22.8//32 | 1015.78,1017.63 | 1019.14,1021.75 | 6,5.5 | w ≥ 4.08,4.14 m/s | |
October | 2.9,3.6,2.1 | 20.4//30.6,20.4//31.4,20.4//31.4 | 19.2//33,19.2//32,19.2//32 | 1021.33,1021.94,1021.94 | 1023.47,1022.71,1022.86 | 6,6,6 | w ≥ 3.26,1.95,2.14 m/s | |
2016 | May | 4.1,2.2,2.58 | - | - | 1021.12 | 1023.06 | 5.00 | w ≥ 2.58 m/s |
June | 3.1,3.1,2.1 | - | - | 1019.20 | 1022.75 | 4.50 | w ≥ 3.14 m/s | |
July | 3,3.05 | - | - | 1017.67 | 1021.96 | 4.09 | w ≥ 3.14 m/s | |
August | 3,2.75,2.73 | - | - | 1016.91 | 1020.91 | 4.05 | w ≥ 3.00 m/s | |
September | 3.8,1.87,1.7,1.67 | - | - | 1018.93 | 1021.53 | 3.41 | w ≥ 2.04 m/s | |
October | 2,2.06,1.9 | - | - | 1020.92 | 1022.30 | 3.95 | w ≥ 2.23 m/s |
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Zhu, Z.; Bai, X.; Dou, J.; Hei, P. Applying a Simple Analytical Solution to Modelling Wind-Driven Coastal Upwelling of Two-Layered Fluid at the Head of Tokyo Bay, Japan. Water 2017, 9, 744. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100744
Zhu Z, Bai X, Dou J, Hei P. Applying a Simple Analytical Solution to Modelling Wind-Driven Coastal Upwelling of Two-Layered Fluid at the Head of Tokyo Bay, Japan. Water. 2017; 9(10):744. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100744
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Zhongfan, Xiaomei Bai, Jie Dou, and Pengfei Hei. 2017. "Applying a Simple Analytical Solution to Modelling Wind-Driven Coastal Upwelling of Two-Layered Fluid at the Head of Tokyo Bay, Japan" Water 9, no. 10: 744. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100744