Treatment of Simulated Coalbed Methane Produced Water Using Direct Contact Membrane Distillation
1
Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea
2
Gas Resources Technology Center R & D Div. Korea Gas Corporation 1248, Ansan 426-790, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Gregory Leslie
Water 2016, 8(5), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/w8050194
Received: 7 March 2016 / Revised: 25 April 2016 / Accepted: 4 May 2016 / Published: 10 May 2016
Expolitation of coalbed methane (CBM) involves production of a massive amount saline water that needs to be properly managed for environmental protection. In this study, direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) was utilized for treatment of CBM-produced water to remove saline components in the water. Simulated CBM waters containing varying concentrations of NaCl (1, 20, and 500 mM) and NaHCO3 (1 and 25 mM) were used as feed solutions under two transmembrane temperatures (Δ40 and 60 °C). In short-term distillation (~360 min), DCMD systems showed good performance with nearly 100% removal of salts for all solutes concentrations at both temperatures. The permeate flux increased with the feed temperature, but at a given temperature, it remained fairly stable throughout the whole operation. A gradual decline in permeate flux was observed at Δ60 °C at high NaHCO3 concentration (25 mM). In long-term distillation (5400 min), the presence of 25 mM NaHCO3 further decreased the flux to 25%–35% of the initial value toward the end of the operation, likely due to membrane fouling by deposition of Ca-carbonate minerals on the pore openings. Furthermore, pore wetting by the scalants occurred at the end of the experiment, and it increased the distillate conducitivity to 110 µS·cm−1. The precipitates formed on the surface were dominantly CaCO3 crystals, identified as aragonite.
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Keywords:
coal-bed methane water; direct contact membrane distillation; permeate flux; feed temperature; scaling
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MDPI and ACS Style
Cho, D.-W.; Song, H.; Yoon, K.; Kim, S.; Han, J.; Cho, J. Treatment of Simulated Coalbed Methane Produced Water Using Direct Contact Membrane Distillation. Water 2016, 8, 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8050194
AMA Style
Cho D-W, Song H, Yoon K, Kim S, Han J, Cho J. Treatment of Simulated Coalbed Methane Produced Water Using Direct Contact Membrane Distillation. Water. 2016; 8(5):194. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8050194
Chicago/Turabian StyleCho, Dong-Wan; Song, Hocheol; Yoon, Kwangsuk; Kim, Sewoon; Han, Jeongmin; Cho, Jinwoo. 2016. "Treatment of Simulated Coalbed Methane Produced Water Using Direct Contact Membrane Distillation" Water 8, no. 5: 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8050194
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