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Article

An Efficient Photocatalytic Material, rGO-TiO2, That Can Be Industrially Produced: Fabrication and Structural Characterization

by
Nan Xiong
1,
Yansen Guo
1,
Yanyan Nie
1,
Yuqing Yao
2,
Zhemian Ying
2,
Wei Zhang
2,
Renduo Liu
2,
Xiaoling Wu
2,
He Zhou
2,
Limin Zhou
3,
Ying Wang
4,
Jian He
1,* and
Long Yan
2,*
1
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
2
Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
3
Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
4
Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2025, 17(2), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17020161
Submission received: 11 December 2024 / Revised: 28 December 2024 / Accepted: 5 January 2025 / Published: 9 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials for Water and Wastewater Treatment)
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Abstract

As a well-known photocatalyst, TiO2 still suffers from rapid electron–hole recombination and limited visible light absorption. To overcome these challenges, the combination of graphene and TiO2 has been proposed. However, traditional methods such as ball milling and hydrothermal synthesis face limitations, including high energy consumption and complex procedures. Here, we develop a simple and industrially feasible method to prepare reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-coated TiO2 nanoparticles, referred to as rGO-TiO2 composites. The optimized rGO-TiO2 composites exhibit an enhanced photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under simulated sunlight conditions, about 99.95% for 4% rGO-TiO2 within 80 min. The first-order reaction rate constant (k) of 4% rGO-TiO2 (0.0867 min−1) is 5.42 times higher than that of nano TiO2 (0.0135 min−1). The key reactive species involved in the degradation process are identified. Additionally, the effects of pH and NaCl concentration on the degradation efficiency of rGO-TiO2 are also investigated. The 4% rGO-TiO2 composite exhibits an excellent photocatalytic activity within the pH range of 3.87–11.89, and the NaCl concentration does not affect its photocatalytic efficiency. After characterization, the enhanced photocatalytic activity is ascribed to the introduction of rGO and the generation of surface oxygen vacancies (OV) and Ti3+ in TiO2 crystals.
Keywords: industrial feasibility; photocatalyst; rGO-TiO2; vacuum high-temperature annealing industrial feasibility; photocatalyst; rGO-TiO2; vacuum high-temperature annealing

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MDPI and ACS Style

Xiong, N.; Guo, Y.; Nie, Y.; Yao, Y.; Ying, Z.; Zhang, W.; Liu, R.; Wu, X.; Zhou, H.; Zhou, L.; et al. An Efficient Photocatalytic Material, rGO-TiO2, That Can Be Industrially Produced: Fabrication and Structural Characterization. Water 2025, 17, 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17020161

AMA Style

Xiong N, Guo Y, Nie Y, Yao Y, Ying Z, Zhang W, Liu R, Wu X, Zhou H, Zhou L, et al. An Efficient Photocatalytic Material, rGO-TiO2, That Can Be Industrially Produced: Fabrication and Structural Characterization. Water. 2025; 17(2):161. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17020161

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiong, Nan, Yansen Guo, Yanyan Nie, Yuqing Yao, Zhemian Ying, Wei Zhang, Renduo Liu, Xiaoling Wu, He Zhou, Limin Zhou, and et al. 2025. "An Efficient Photocatalytic Material, rGO-TiO2, That Can Be Industrially Produced: Fabrication and Structural Characterization" Water 17, no. 2: 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17020161

APA Style

Xiong, N., Guo, Y., Nie, Y., Yao, Y., Ying, Z., Zhang, W., Liu, R., Wu, X., Zhou, H., Zhou, L., Wang, Y., He, J., & Yan, L. (2025). An Efficient Photocatalytic Material, rGO-TiO2, That Can Be Industrially Produced: Fabrication and Structural Characterization. Water, 17(2), 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17020161

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