Distribution of Silver (Ag) and Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Aquatic Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Preparation of Samples
2.4. Analytical Method
2.4.1. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS)
2.4.2. High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HR-TEM 200KV) with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDX)
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Concentration of Ag in the Aquatic Environment
3.2. Analysis of Silver Nanoparticles in the Aquatic Environment
3.3. Accumulation of Ag in Sediment Samples
3.4. Accumulation of Ag in Plant Samples
3.5. Accumulation of Ag in Fish Organ
3.6. Values for BAF and BSAF
4. Discussion
4.1. The Presence of Ag in the Aquatic Environment
4.2. Nano-Size of Ag in the Aquatic Environment
4.3. Bioaccumulation of Ag in the Aquatic Ecosystem of Skudai River
4.4. Trophic Transfer of Ag through the Aquatic Food Chain
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Station | Scientific Name | English Name |
---|---|---|
Bandar Putra | Anabas testudineus | Climbing Perch |
Oreochromis niloticus | Nile Tilapia | |
Lee Rubber | Clarias macrocephalus | Catfish |
Oreochromis niloticus | Nile Tilapia | |
Pangasianodon hypophthalmus | Silver Catfish | |
Channa striata | Snakehead Murrel | |
Barbus schwanenfeldii | Tinfoil Barb | |
Impian Emas | Clarias macrocephalus | Catfish |
Pangasianodon hypophthalmus | Silver Catfish | |
Pengkalan Rinting | Clarias macrocephalus | Catfish |
Oreochromis mossambicus | Mozambique Tilapia | |
Pangasianodon hypophthalmus | Silver Catfish |
Sample | Sample Weight (g) | Acids Used |
---|---|---|
Water | 5 | 7 mL HNO3 65% 1 mL H2O2 30% |
Sediment | 0.25 | 6 mL HClO4 65% 6 mL HNO3 65% 1 mL H2O2 30% |
Plants | 0.5 | 7 mL HNO3 65% 1 mL H2O2 30% |
Fish | 0.5 | 7 mL HNO3 65% 1 mL H2O2 30% |
Step | Time (min) | Temp. (T1) | Temp (T2) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 15 | 200 °C | 110 °C |
2 | 15 | 200 °C | 100 °C |
Sampling Station | BAF | BSAF | |
---|---|---|---|
Average Ag Concentration in Sampled Surface Water 1 | Relative Limit of Ag Concentration 2 | ||
Bandar Putra | 7570.95 | 1,476,334.75 | 6.03 |
Lee Rubber | 3733.11 | 1,530,575.59 | 10.09 |
Impian Emas | 703.49 | 140,698.66 | 1.01 |
Pengkalan Rinting | 2385.52 | 131,203.74 | 2.50 |
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Mat Lazim, Z.; Salmiati, S.; Marpongahtun, M.; Arman, N.Z.; Mohd Haniffah, M.R.; Azman, S.; Yong, E.L.; Salim, M.R. Distribution of Silver (Ag) and Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Aquatic Environment. Water 2023, 15, 1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071349
Mat Lazim Z, Salmiati S, Marpongahtun M, Arman NZ, Mohd Haniffah MR, Azman S, Yong EL, Salim MR. Distribution of Silver (Ag) and Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Aquatic Environment. Water. 2023; 15(7):1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071349
Chicago/Turabian StyleMat Lazim, Zainab, Salmiati Salmiati, Marpongahtun Marpongahtun, Nor Zaiha Arman, Mohd Ridza Mohd Haniffah, Shamila Azman, Ee Ling Yong, and Mohd Razman Salim. 2023. "Distribution of Silver (Ag) and Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Aquatic Environment" Water 15, no. 7: 1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071349