Multi-Analytical Approach to Evaluate Elements and Chemical Alterations in Pteris vittata Plants Exposed to Arsenic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Growth and Sample Preparation
2.2. The μ-XRF Device
2.3. The HSI Device
2.4. The FTIR Device
2.5. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA)
2.6. Statistical and Spectral Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Results by µ-XRF Analyses
3.2. Mean Spectra and PCA Models of Samples for FTIR Analysis
3.3. HSI Mean Spectra and PCA
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S1T0 | ||||||||||
Spectrum | Mg | Si | P | S | K | Ca | Mn | Fe | Zn | As |
Mean value | 0.87 | 6.27 | 1.28 | 3.43 | 52.83 | 31.35 | 1.43 | 2.04 | 0.50 | 0 |
Std. Abw. | 0.53 | 5.47 | 0.43 | 0.94 | 9.24 | 6.71 | 1.30 | 1.37 | 0.26 | 0 |
Conf. interval | 0.06 | 0.58 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.97 | 0.71 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0 |
S2T0 | ||||||||||
Spectrum | Mg | Si | P | S | K | Ca | Mn | Fe | Zn | As |
Mean value | 0.99 | 6.12 | 1.49 | 3.26 | 56.59 | 27.48 | 1.83 | 1.83 | 0.42 | 0 |
Std. Abw. | 0.47 | 5.17 | 0.56 | 0.78 | 7.74 | 5.96 | 0.84 | 1.11 | 0.16 | 0 |
Conf. interval | 0.05 | 0.56 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.84 | 0.65 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0 |
S1T75 | ||||||||||
Spectrum | Mg | Si | P | S | K | Ca | Mn | Fe | Zn | As |
Mean value | 0.29 | 12.03 | 1.62 | 1.65 | 54.41 | 13.92 | 0.50 | 13.23 | 0.21 | 2.13 |
Std. Abw. | 0.26 | 5.46 | 0.47 | 0.23 | 7.40 | 3.65 | 0.18 | 7.75 | 0.05 | 0.37 |
Conf. interval | 0.04 | 0.92 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 1.25 | 0.62 | 0.03 | 1.31 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
S2T75 | ||||||||||
Spectrum | Mg | Si | P | S | K | Ca | Mn | Fe | Zn | As |
Mean value | 1.12 | 9.60 | 1.11 | 1.66 | 45.75 | 11.51 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.09 | 28.56 |
Std. Abw. | 0.33 | 3.37 | 0.24 | 0.61 | 5.80 | 6.91 | 0.07 | 0.72 | 0.05 | 5.39 |
Conf. interval | 0.06 | 0.57 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.98 | 1.17 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.91 |
S1T90 | ||||||||||
Spectrum | Mg | Si | P | S | K | Ca | Mn | Fe | Zn | As |
Mean value | 0.44 | 12.54 | 1.37 | 1.73 | 49.35 | 17.67 | 0.57 | 14.14 | 0.25 | 1.94 |
Std. Abw. | 0.26 | 5.16 | 0.40 | 0.46 | 6.11 | 3.68 | 0.18 | 6.03 | 0.09 | 0.56 |
Conf. interval | 0.04 | 0.87 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 1.03 | 0.62 | 0.03 | 1.02 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
S2T90 | ||||||||||
Spectrum | Mg | Si | P | S | K | Ca | Mn | Fe | Zn | As |
Mean value | 1.26 | 12.26 | 0.90 | 1.86 | 37.96 | 13.33 | 0.27 | 2.43 | 0.11 | 29.62 |
Std. Abw. | 0.37 | 3.68 | 0.23 | 0.34 | 5.12 | 3.09 | 0.10 | 2.85 | 0.03 | 6.32 |
Conf. interval | 0.06 | 0.62 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.87 | 0.52 | 0.02 | 0.48 | 0.00 | 1.07 |
Band Position (cm−1) | FTIR Band Assignments | References |
---|---|---|
3300 | OH stretching (water), N-H stretching | [27,30] |
2954 | C-H asymmetric stretching | [28,31] |
2918 | C-H asymmetric stretching | [27,28] |
2850 | C-H symmetric stretching | [27,28,31] |
1735 | COOH stretching, carbonyl (C=O) stretching | [27,28] |
1650 (sh) | N-H stretching and C=O stretching of amide I | [32,33] |
1606 | Carbonyl (C=O) stretching, C-C aromatic stretching, NH2 group bending | [28,31,34] |
1545 | C-C aromatic ring stretching phenolic compounds, N-H bending and C-N stretching of protein | [28,34] |
1514 | C=C-C aromatic ring stretching | [28,30] |
1440 | C-C aromatic stretching (conjugated with C=O), asymmetric C-H bending from lipids, protein, lignin | [34,35,36] |
1418 | CH asymmetric bending, O-H bending: cell wall polysaccarides, alcohols and carboxylic acids, COO− symmetric stretching vibration of non-esterified uronic acid | [28,31,35,37] |
1370 | C-H deformation and CH2 bending | [28,31] |
1318 | CH symmetric bending of cellulose | [28] |
1230 | C-O stretching from hemicelluloses and lignin, amide III (C=N and N-H stretching): mainly proteins | [28,31,35,36] |
1140 (sh) | O-C-O asymmetric stretching, cellulose (β-1,4 glucan) | [31,35] |
1160 (sh) | C-C(C=O)-O stretching or C-O-C asymmetric stretching (hemicellulose) C-O bonds in the ester linkages of cutin | [27,28,34] |
1100 (sh) | Carbonyl (C=O) stretching (fatty acid)/C-O and C-C (pectin)/C-O-C symmetric stretching | [27,28,34] |
1050–1020 | C-O, C=C and C-C-O stretching of cellulose and hemicellulose | [27,28,37] |
Classes | No As | Low As | High As |
---|---|---|---|
Sensitivity (Cal) | 0.994 | 0.903 | 0.886 |
Specificity (Cal) | 0.993 | 0.931 | 0.869 |
Sensitivity (CV) | 0.992 | 0.856 | 0.820 |
Specificity (CV) | 0.992 | 0.890 | 0.788 |
Sensitivity (Pred) | 0.887 | 0.995 | 0.919 |
Specificity (Pred) | 0.989 | 1.000 | 0.876 |
Class, Err (Cal) | 0.006 | 0.083 | 0.123 |
Class, Err (CV) | 0.008 | 0.127 | 0.196 |
Class, Err (Pred) | 0.062 | 0.003 | 0.103 |
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Capobianco, G.; Antenozio, M.L.; Bonifazi, G.; Brunetti, P.; Cardarelli, M.; Cestelli Guidi, M.; Pronti, L.; Serranti, S. Multi-Analytical Approach to Evaluate Elements and Chemical Alterations in Pteris vittata Plants Exposed to Arsenic. Water 2023, 15, 1333. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071333
Capobianco G, Antenozio ML, Bonifazi G, Brunetti P, Cardarelli M, Cestelli Guidi M, Pronti L, Serranti S. Multi-Analytical Approach to Evaluate Elements and Chemical Alterations in Pteris vittata Plants Exposed to Arsenic. Water. 2023; 15(7):1333. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071333
Chicago/Turabian StyleCapobianco, Giuseppe, Maria Luisa Antenozio, Giuseppe Bonifazi, Patrizia Brunetti, Maura Cardarelli, Mariangela Cestelli Guidi, Lucilla Pronti, and Silvia Serranti. 2023. "Multi-Analytical Approach to Evaluate Elements and Chemical Alterations in Pteris vittata Plants Exposed to Arsenic" Water 15, no. 7: 1333. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071333