Transport of Sediment Mixtures in Steady Flow with an Extra Contribution of Their Finest Fractions: Laboratory Tests and Modeling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment Gdańsk, 2021
- a 0.73 m long outflow section, with a bottom inlet supplying the channel with water;
- starting section with a length with a length of 2.5 m;
- a cuvette with the input sediment, i.e., a depression along the entire channel, 1 m long an 0.08 m high;
- the test section 2.5 m long;
- sediment trap, in the form of another cuvette, i.e., a depression channel 0.73 m long and 0.08 m high, with a bottom inlet and outlet.
- Filling the cuvette with the water-saturated sediment. Placing the wet sediment in the cuvette prevented formation of air bubbles in the deposited mixture;
- Taking a sample from the container filled with sediment prepared for testing;
- Leveling the sediment to the edge of the cuvette and removing the remains of sediment from the vicinity of the cuvette;
- Filling the channel up to the water depth H = 0.05 m;
- Performing a test for a given flow (Times for individual tests are given in Table 1;
- Measurements of the velocity over the bottom using the Prandtl tube (0.1 m above the lower edge of the cuvette, in the period between the flow stabilization and the development of wrinkles);
- Water removal from the channel after the test is completed;
- Collection of sediment from the trap and control area;
- Measurement of sediment volume captured in the sand trap;
- Documentation of bathymetry in a cuvette by taking photos, performing a bathymetric measurement;
- Collecting sediment samples for sieve analysis;
- Removal of sediment from cuvette and its cleaning.
2.2. Experiment by Elhakeem and Imran (2012) [53]
3. Theoretical Investigations
3.1. Transport Model for Non-Uniform Sediment
3.2. Model Results for Uniform Sediment
3.3. Model Results for Non-Uniform Sediments
4. Discussion
4.1. Non-Uniform Sediment Transport with Limited Availability of Very Fine Fractions
4.2. Comparison Calculations with Measuremends
4.2.1. Experiment Gdańsk 2021
4.2.2. Experiment by Elhakeem and Imran [53]
5. Conclusions
- Transport calculations conducted by the presented model separately for all sediment fractions in mixture including the mutual interactions between them have shown:
- due to assumed strong interactions between the sediment fractions in the moving layer of densely concentrated sediments all the fractions are characterized by the same velocity and concentration vertical profiles;
- in the contact layer vertical profiles of velocities and concentrations vary for individual fractions due to turbulent water pulsations and chaotic collisions of grains;
- the agreement between the calculated transport and measurements was achieved within plus/minus a factor of two of the measurements;
- calculations of the granulometric distributions of sediment from the trap conducted using presented model have shown good agreement with the measurements (plus/minus a factor of two of the measurements);
- results confirm that the mechanism of interactions between fractions, and in particular the influence of finer grains in the mixture on the increase in transport of coarser fractions, is well described by the model.
- The experimental investigations on transport of sediment mixture with large amount of very fine non-cohesive fractions resulted in proposed modification by inclusion of possible deficit of very small fractions in the active layer of the bottom. The compatibility of the transport calculation results for all fractions with measurements Gdańsk 2021 is within plus/minus a factor of two of the measurements. This confirms the lack of full availability of very fine fractions in the bottom and be the reason for a significant reduction in transport of those fractions.
- Comparison of the calculations by presented modified model of grain size distributions with measurements Gdańsk 2021 shows consistency with the experimental results within plus/minus a factor of two of the measurements.
- The presented study provides verified three-layer model which enables the proper description of sediment transport and grain size distributions of transported fractions in steady flow for any bed sediment mixtures, including poorly and well sorted grains with large amount of very fine non-cohesive fractions.
- The present study provides a useful engineering tool for prediction of transport in steady flow of sediment mixtures with various non-cohesive fractions including very fine and fine. Calculations are possible with just a few measurable properties of particles and water. Parameters do not need tuning against experiments.
- The next step of model development will be the extension to transport modeling in steady flow of sand mixtures with cohesive admixtures. The authors look forward to work also on model extension to predict sediment transport under highly transient (e.g., dam-break) flows.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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TR Test | Flow Rate [L/s] | -Depth Averaged [m/s] | Friction | Rep. of Tests [-] | Test Time [s] | Sediment Transport Maximum Mean Minimum [m3/ms] | Fractions d90/d50/d10 [mm] | [-] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
uf* [m/s] | θ* [-] | ||||||||
Input sand | 0.23/0.22/0.14 | ||||||||
TR_0_7 | 7.0 | 0.5000 | 0.0097 | 0.2587 | 2 | 3600 | 8.00∙10−9 | 0.23/0.14/0.03 | 13,462 |
5.50∙10−9 | |||||||||
3.00∙10−9 | |||||||||
TR_0_8 | 8.0 | 0.5715 | 0.0158 | 0.0690 | 4 | 3600 | 1.90∙10−8 | 0.23/0.21/0.11 | 15,385 |
6.60∙10−7 | |||||||||
3.43∙10−6 | |||||||||
TR_0_9 | 9.0 | 0.6429 | 0.0177 | 0.0862 | 3 | 3600 | 7.59∙10−7 | 0.24/0.21/0.12 | 17,308 |
6.84∙10−7 | |||||||||
5.61∙10−7 | |||||||||
TR_0_10 | 10.0 | 0.7143 | 0.0185 | 0.0949 | 3 | 3600 | 7.95∙10−7 | 0.24/0.21/0.11 | 19,231 |
7.38∙10−7 | |||||||||
6.80∙10−7 | |||||||||
TR_0_11 | 11.0 | 0.7857 | 0.0194 | 0.1035 | 3 | 3600 | 1.16∙10−6 | 0.24/0.22/0.12 | 21,154 |
1.08∙10−6 | |||||||||
1.00∙10−6 | |||||||||
TR_0_12 | 12.0 | 0.8571 | 0.0201 | 0.1121 | 3 | 3600 | 1.52∙10−6 | 0.26/0.24/0.13 | 23,077 |
1.29∙10−6 | |||||||||
1.06∙10−6 | |||||||||
TR_0_13 | 13.0 | 0.9285 | 0.0244 | 0.1638 | 3 | 1800 | 6.77∙10−6 | 0.24/0.22/0.12 | 25,000 |
4.86∙10−6 | |||||||||
2.94∙10−6 | |||||||||
TR_0_14 | 14.0 | 1.0000 | 0.0273 | 0.2070 | 3 | 900 | 1.33∙10−5 | 0.26/0.24/0.14 | 26,923 |
9.60∙10−6 | |||||||||
5.91∙10−6 | |||||||||
TR_0_15 | 15.0 | 1.0714 | 0.0306 | 0.2587 | 3 | 900 | 1.80∙10−5 | 0.25/0.22/0.11 | 28,846 |
1.44∙10−5 | |||||||||
1.07∙10−5 |
1M1 | 2M1 | 3M1 | 4M1 | 5M1 | 6M1 | 7M1 | 8M1 | |
[-] | 0.058 | 0.066 | 0.069 | 0.078 | 0.085 | 0.091 | 0.100 | 0.114 |
4.24 | 14.37 | 18.98 | 27.05 | 47.89 | 57.81 | 103.63 | 123.23 | |
[mm] | 2.03 | 1.95 | 1.98 | 2.04 | 2.26 | 2.49 | 2.66 | 2.50 |
1M2 | 2M2 | 3M2 | 4M2 | 5M2 | 6M2 | 7M2 | 8M2 | |
[-] | 0.058 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.101 | 0.113 | 0.121 | 0.131 | 0.144 |
3.15 | 13.76 | 47.04 | 51.75 | 72.92 | 133.87 | 123.73 | 179.11 | |
[mm] | 1.67 | 1.70 | 1.65 | 1.65 | 1.53 | 1.92 | 1.89 | 2.13 |
1M3 | 2M3 | 3M3 | 4M3 | 5M3 | 6M3 | 7M3 | 8M3 | |
[-] | 0.073 | 0.082 | 0.087 | 0.098 | 0.106 | 0.116 | 0.126 | 0.141 |
8.52 | 22.48 | 26.52 | 34.82 | 60.46 | 69.63 | 137.55 | 151.90 | |
[mm] | 1.36 | 1.18 | 1.36 | 4.27 | 4.45 | 4.94 | 5.04 | 5.45 |
1M4 | 2M4 | 3M4 | 4M4 | 5M4 | 6M4 | 7M4 | 8M4 | |
[-] | 0.060 | 0.076 | 0.077 | 0.084 | 0.095 | 0.110 | 0.131 | 0.156 |
5.93 | 24.42 | 20.20 | 27.36 | 54.77 | 67.70 | 108.36 | 214.55 | |
[mm] | 1.40 | 1.58 | 1.45 | 1.52 | 1.36 | 1.47 | 1.54 | 1.42 |
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Zawisza, J.; Radosz, I.; Biegowski, J.; Kaczmarek, L.M. Transport of Sediment Mixtures in Steady Flow with an Extra Contribution of Their Finest Fractions: Laboratory Tests and Modeling. Water 2023, 15, 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050832
Zawisza J, Radosz I, Biegowski J, Kaczmarek LM. Transport of Sediment Mixtures in Steady Flow with an Extra Contribution of Their Finest Fractions: Laboratory Tests and Modeling. Water. 2023; 15(5):832. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050832
Chicago/Turabian StyleZawisza, Jerzy, Iwona Radosz, Jarosław Biegowski, and Leszek M. Kaczmarek. 2023. "Transport of Sediment Mixtures in Steady Flow with an Extra Contribution of Their Finest Fractions: Laboratory Tests and Modeling" Water 15, no. 5: 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050832
APA StyleZawisza, J., Radosz, I., Biegowski, J., & Kaczmarek, L. M. (2023). Transport of Sediment Mixtures in Steady Flow with an Extra Contribution of Their Finest Fractions: Laboratory Tests and Modeling. Water, 15(5), 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050832