Removal of Arsenic from Wastewater Using Hydrochar Prepared from Red Macroalgae: Investigating Its Adsorption Efficiency and Mechanism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Preparation of Hydrochar (HC)
2.3. Activation of Hydrochar
2.4. Surface Morphology and Characterization of Hydrochar (HC) and Activated Hydrochar (AHC) Samples
2.5. Batch Adsorption
2.6. Calculations
2.6.1. Isotherm Models
2.6.2. Kinetic Models
- q t is the amount of arsenic adsorbed at time t;
- Kdiff is the intra-particle diffusion rate constant;
- C is the intercept.
3. Results
3.1. SEM Analysis of Hydrochar
3.2. Elemental Composition and Changes during Activation of Hydrochar
3.3. Identification and Impact of Surface Functional Groups of HC, AHC during As Adsorption, and AHC after As Adsorption
3.4. Factors Affecting As Removal
3.4.1. Effect of pH
3.4.2. Effect of Adsorbent Dosage
3.4.3. Effect of Initial As Concentration
3.4.4. Effect of Contact Time
3.5. Equilibrium Investigation
Material | As Species | Langmuir Isotherm Model Parameters | Freundlich Isotherm Model Parameters | References | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KL (L/mg) | Q max (mg/g) | R2 | K F (mg/g) | N | R2 | |||
Activated hydrochar | As (III/V) | 0.0123 | 3.8314 | 0.981 | 0.031 | 0.403 | 0.917 | This study |
Multi-amino-functionalized cellulose | As (III) | 0.21 | 5.71 | 0.970 | 2.11 | 3.94 | 0.926 | [77] |
As (V) | 0.078 | 75.13 | 0.992 | 26.85 | 5.02 | 0.934 | ||
Iron–zirconium binary oxide-coated sand (27, 35 and 45 °C) | As (V) | 0.0104 | 45.05 | 0.957 | 1.19 | 1.7 | 0.997 | [78] |
As (V) | 0.0083 | 66.22 | 0.856 | 1.10 | 1.5 | 0.999 | ||
As (V) | 0.0077 | 84.75 | 0.955 | 1.15 | 1.3 | 0.997 | ||
Iron oxide nanoparticles | As (III) | 0.4 | 42 | 0.978 | 11.3 | 2.1 | 0.921 | [79] |
Iron oxide nanoparticles | As (V) | 0.8 | 83 | 0.998 | 28.6 | 3.1 | 0.828 | |
Magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposites | As (V) | 0.385 | 69.44 | 0.905 | 26.57 | 4.787 | 0.819 | [80] |
Iron oxide nanoparticles | As (V) | 0.11 | 28.57 | _ | 2.6 | 0.68 | _ | [81] |
Magnetic gelatin-modified biochar | As (V) | 0.81 | 43.15 | 0.89 | 19.27 | 0.24 | 0.70 | [82] |
Phosphorus (P)-modified biochar (PLBC) (Taraxacum mongolicum Hand-Mazz) | As (III) | 0.08 | 30.76 | 0.843 | 6.76 | 0.33 | 0.818 | [83] |
Ultisol | As (V) | 137.3 | 24.27 | 0.995 | 31.3 | 5.00 | 0.997 | [84] |
Ultisol + biochar | As (V) | 66.4 | 21.51 | 0.996 | 26.1 | 4.67 | 0.995 | |
Ultisol + biochar derived from aluminum-treated rice straw | As (V) | 77.0 | 25.97 | 0.994 | 38.8 | 3.62 | 0.992 | |
Ultisol + aluminum-treated biochar form rice straw | As (V) | 185.5 | 26.95 | 0.996 | 42.9 | 4.08 | 0.988 | |
Rice-husk biochar-stabilized iron and copper oxide nanoparticles | As (III/V) | 0.19 | 20.32 | 0.555 | 2.84 | 1.28 | 0.975 | [85] |
3.6. Kinetic Study
4. As Removal Mechanisms
5. Future Outlook and Perspectives Trends
- The removal of As from wastewater using activated hydrochar extracted from macro-algae has been shown to be a highly effective method. The increasing demand for sustainable and cost-effective methods for treating As-contaminated wastewater is driving the growth of this technology. Macro-algae are abundant and could be harvested in large quantities, making them an attractive option for the production of hydrochar. In addition, the production process is low-cost and energy-efficient, making it an attractive option for small-scale operations.
- Another research direction should be the development of advanced techniques for the activation of hydrochar, such as chemical, thermal, and microwave activation. These techniques could improve the adsorption capacity and efficiency of hydrochar, making it an even more practical solution for As removal from wastewater.
- It is expected that the use of activated hydrochar extracted from macro-algae will continue to grow as the demand for sustainable and effective methods for treating As-contaminated wastewater increases. In addition, the development of new and improved methods for the activation of hydrochar and the use of other sustainable materials for the production of hydrochar is expected to drive the growth of this technology in the future.
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | As Species | Pseudo-First-Order Model Parameters | Pseudo-Second-Order Model Parameters | Intra-Particle Diffusion Model Parameters | References | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K1 (min−1) | qe. Cal. (mg/g) | R2 | K2 (mg g−1 min−1) | qe. Cal. (mg/g) | R2 | K(diff) (mg g−1 min−1/2) | C (mg/g) | R2 | |||
Activated hydrochar | As (III/V) | −0.0053 | 0.078 | 0.9567 | 2.3452 | 0.156 | 0.991 | 0.00322 | 0.17051 | 0.6189 | This study |
Untreated red-mud biochar | As (V) | 1.195 | 451.4 | 0.983 | 0.00357 | 482.9 | 0.987 | 0.062 | 0.233 | 0.6664 | [86] |
Red-mud-modified biochar | As (V) | 1.446 | 1656.5 | 0.900 | 0.00126 | 1758.6 | 0.957 | 0.212 | 0.9087 | 0.7298 | |
Untreated red-mud biochar | As (III) | 0.805 | 296.0 | 0.948 | 0.00366 | 319.5 | 0.960 | 0.048.95 | 0.115 | 0.7662 | |
Red-mud-modified biochar | As (III) | 0.686 | 377.9 | 0.911 | 0.00236 | 412.0 | 0.927 | 0.6657 | 0.132 | 0.8842 | |
Iron oxide nanoparticles | As (V) | 0.50 | 0.66 | 0.92 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 0.99 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | [81] |
Phosphorus (P)-modified biochar (PLBC)/Taraxacum mongolicum Hand-Mazz | As (III) | 0.23 ± 0.028 | 16.3 ± 0.4 | 0.972 | 0.020 ± 0.002 | 17.1 ± 0.4 | 0.997 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | [83] |
Magnetic gelatin-modified biochar | As (V) | 0.03 | 26.64 | 0.87 | 0.00142 | 28.389 | 0.92 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | [82] |
Magnetic Fe3O4/Douglas fir biochar composites | As (III) | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | 0.337 | 1.30 | 0.9960 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | [87] |
Magnetic Fe3O4/Douglas fir biochar composites | As (III) | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | 0.319 | 3.75 | 0.9999 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | |
Magnetic Fe3O4/Douglas fir biochar composites | As (III) | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | 0.049 | 6.15 | 0.9894 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | |
Rice-husk biochar-stabilized iron and copper oxide nanoparticles | As (III/V) | 0.17 | 1.75 | 0.839 | 0.09 | 6.84 | 0.999 | [85] |
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Khanzada, A.K.; Rizwan, M.; Al-Hazmi, H.E.; Majtacz, J.; Kurniawan, T.A.; Mąkinia, J. Removal of Arsenic from Wastewater Using Hydrochar Prepared from Red Macroalgae: Investigating Its Adsorption Efficiency and Mechanism. Water 2023, 15, 3866. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213866
Khanzada AK, Rizwan M, Al-Hazmi HE, Majtacz J, Kurniawan TA, Mąkinia J. Removal of Arsenic from Wastewater Using Hydrochar Prepared from Red Macroalgae: Investigating Its Adsorption Efficiency and Mechanism. Water. 2023; 15(21):3866. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213866
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhanzada, Aisha Khan, Muhammad Rizwan, Hussein E. Al-Hazmi, Joanna Majtacz, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, and Jacek Mąkinia. 2023. "Removal of Arsenic from Wastewater Using Hydrochar Prepared from Red Macroalgae: Investigating Its Adsorption Efficiency and Mechanism" Water 15, no. 21: 3866. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213866