Hydrochemical Characterization and Quality Assessment of Groundwater in the Southern Plain of Hebei Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- In this paper, ArcGIS spatial analysis is combined with the hydrochemical graphic method to systematically reveal the spatial distribution characteristics of groundwater hydrochemistry, which effectively makes up for the deficiency in the hydrochemical graphic method in studying spatial scale.
- (2)
- A clustering analysis was introduced to reveal the source similarity of ions and its influence relationship.
- (3)
- The correlation analysis and entropy weight water quality index were combined to identify and optimize the main impact indicators of water quality, and further reduce the cost of water quality monitoring.
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample Collection and Analysis
3.2. Hydrogeochemical Modeling
3.3. Entropy Weighted Water Quality Index (EWQI)
3.4. Research Content and Technical Route
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Hydrochemical Characteristics
4.2. Mechanism Controlling Groundwater Hydrochemistry
4.2.1. Natural Factors Affecting Groundwater Hydrochemistry
4.2.2. Anthropogenic Factors
4.3. Source Statistical Analysis
4.4. Groundwater Quality Evaluation
4.5. Corresponding Protection and Management Measures
- (1)
- Groundwater wells with EWQI values exceeding 100 should be stopped until remedial action is taken.
- (2)
- The use of nitrate-rich fertilizer and stockpiling of the waste ore and garbage should be reduced in the western piedmont plain, and appropriate ecological measures should be used to reduce nitrate concentrations.
- (3)
- Groundwater filtration equipment should be installed to reduce the concentrations of Mg2+, SO42−, Cl−, TH and TDS values in groundwater with high EWQI.
- (4)
- Real-time water quality monitoring systems and early warning platforms to enhance monitoring capabilities should be established.
- (5)
- A sound and scientific water resources management system, and rational plan for the development and utilization of groundwater should be established.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Guideline | Phreatic Groundwater | Confined Groundwater | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min. | Max. | Ave. | SD | CV (%) | Min. | Max. | Ave. | SD | CV (%) | ||
pH | 6.5–8.5 * | 7.02 | 9.08 | 7.45 | 0.39 | 5.31 | 7.00 | 10.60 | 8.02 | 0.87 | 10.87 |
TH | 450 * | 268 | 2646.00 | 825.10 | 624.72 | 75.71 | 11.60 | 2337.00 | 478.20 | 509.26 | 106.49 |
TDS | 1000 * | 342 | 5843.00 | 1772.22 | 1354.46 | 76.42 | 154.00 | 5052.00 | 1062.35 | 1080.78 | 101.73 |
Na+ | 200 * | 2.69 | 1127.00 | 318.72 | 302.14 | 94.79 | 9.35 | 996.00 | 207.97 | 233.43 | 101.73 |
K+ | 0.34 | 4.46 | 1.53 | 0.97 | 63.69 | 0.36 | 8.41 | 1.38 | 1.06 | 77.40 | |
Ca2+ | 75 ** | 4.87 | 480.00 | 131.39 | 98.58 | 75.03 | 0.98 | 288.00 | 78.33 | 70.02 | 89.39 |
Mg2+ | 50 ** | 1.29 | 490.00 | 120.71 | 115.30 | 95.51 | 1.90 | 398.00 | 68.97 | 92.92 | 134.73 |
Cl− | 250 * | 4.20 | 1672.00 | 328.06 | 355.92 | 105.98 | 8.50 | 1439.00 | 223.30 | 318.83 | 142.78 |
SO42− | 250 * | 3.66 | 2114.00 | 594.26 | 588.77 | 129.07 | 8.65 | 2192.00 | 329.48 | 480.54 | 145.84 |
HCO3− | 25.00 | 1321.00 | 485.51 | 248.94 | 51.27 | 16.00 | 771.00 | 276.77 | 150.17 | 54.25 | |
NO3− | 50 ** | 0.29 | 145.00 | 9.85 | 22.72 | 230.65 | 0.15 | 35.9 | 4.08 | 6.30 | 194.39 |
F− | 1.0 * | 0.20 | 2.99 | 0.83 | 0.58 | 70.44 | 0.16 | 3.10 | 0.91 | 0.75 | 113.40 |
TH | TDS | pH | Na+ | K+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Cl− | SO42− | HCO3− | NO3− | F− | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phreatic groundwater samples (n = 45) | ||||||||||||
TH | 1 | |||||||||||
TDS | 0.91 ** | 1 | ||||||||||
pH | −0.47 ** | −0.31 * | 1 | |||||||||
Na+ | 0.67 ** | 0.91 ** | −0.11 | 1 | ||||||||
K+ | 0.17 | 0.10 | 1 | |||||||||
Ca2+ | 0.73 ** | 0.50 ** | −0.45 ** | 0.16 | 0.28 | 1 | ||||||
Mg2+ | 0.93 ** | 0.93 ** | −0.38 ** | 0.80 ** | 0.44 ** | 1 | ||||||
Cl− | 0.87 ** | 0.93 ** | −0.21 | 0.84 ** | 0.17 | 0.43 ** | 0.91 ** | 1 | ||||
SO42− | 0.89 ** | 0.97 ** | −0.30 * | 0.86 ** | 0.50 ** | 0.91 ** | 0.86 ** | 1 | ||||
HCO3− | 0.20 | 0.37 * | −0.37 * | 0.52 ** | −0.19 | −0.11 | 0.32 * | 0.20 | 0.26 | 1 | ||
NO3− | −0.24 | 0.45 ** | 0.59 ** | −0.19 | −0.12 | −0.12 | −0.18 | 1 | ||||
F− | 0.11 | 0.49 ** | 0.28 | −0.19 | −0.33 * | 0.26 | −0.24 | 1 | ||||
Confined groundwater samples (n = 62) | ||||||||||||
TH | 1 | |||||||||||
TDS | 0.90 ** | 1 | ||||||||||
pH | −0.51 ** | −0.22 | 1 | |||||||||
Na+ | 0.61 ** | 0.89 ** | 0.15 | 1 | ||||||||
K+ | 1 | |||||||||||
Ca2+ | 0.82 ** | 0.58 ** | −0.74 ** | 0.18 | 0.21 | 1 | ||||||
Mg2+ | 0.97 ** | 0.94 ** | −0.35 ** | 0.73 ** | 0.64 ** | 1 | ||||||
Cl− | 0.78 ** | 0.88 ** | 0.83 ** | 0.39 ** | 0.86 ** | 1 | ||||||
SO42− | 0.88 ** | 0.95 ** | −0.26 * | 0.79 ** | 0.63 ** | 0.89 ** | 0.70 ** | 1 | ||||
HCO3− | 0.28 * | 0.24 | −0.46 ** | 0.15 | 0.28 * | 0.24 | 0.23 | 1 | ||||
NO3− | −0.19 | −0.34 ** | −0.37 ** | 0.28 | 0.38 ** | −0.19 | −0.25 * | −0.15 | 1 | |||
F− | 0.26 * | 0.29 * | 0.55 ** | −0.14 | −0.29 * | 0.29 * | 0.15 | 0.20 | −0.29 * | 1 |
Index | Category | TH | TDS | pH | Na+ | K+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Cl− | SO42− | HCO3− | NO3− | F− |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Information entropy (ej) | Phreatic groundwater | 0.929 | 0.927 | 0.918 | 0.886 | 0.918 | 0.928 | 0.899 | 0.874 | 0.881 | 0.963 | 0.676 | 0.909 |
Confined groundwater | 0.891 | 0.874 | 0.921 | 0.849 | 0.920 | 0.895 | 0.847 | 0.804 | 0.824 | 0.959 | 0.796 | 0.898 | |
Entropy weight (wj) | Phreatic groundwater | 0.055 | 0.057 | 0.063 | 0.088 | 0.064 | 0.056 | 0.078 | 0.097 | 0.092 | 0.029 | 0.250 | 0.070 |
Confined groundwater | 0.071 | 0.083 | 0.052 | 0.099 | 0.053 | 0.069 | 0.101 | 0.129 | 0.115 | 0.027 | 0.134 | 0.067 |
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Zhang, L.; Dong, D.; Lv, S.; Zhang, J.; Yan, M.; Han, G.; Li, H. Hydrochemical Characterization and Quality Assessment of Groundwater in the Southern Plain of Hebei Province, China. Water 2023, 15, 3791. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213791
Zhang L, Dong D, Lv S, Zhang J, Yan M, Han G, Li H. Hydrochemical Characterization and Quality Assessment of Groundwater in the Southern Plain of Hebei Province, China. Water. 2023; 15(21):3791. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213791
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Longqiang, Donglin Dong, Situ Lv, Jialun Zhang, Maohua Yan, Guilei Han, and Huizhe Li. 2023. "Hydrochemical Characterization and Quality Assessment of Groundwater in the Southern Plain of Hebei Province, China" Water 15, no. 21: 3791. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213791