Extensive Green Roofs: Different Time Approaches to Runoff Coefficient Determination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Green Roof Pilot System
2.2. Site Characteristics—Precipitation and Temperature
2.3. Runoff Coefficient Determination
2.4. Assessment of Different Approaches to Determine the Runoff Coefficient
2.5. Simulation Performance of an Extensive GR
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Runoff Coefficient Determination
3.1.1. Assessment of the Previous Model
3.1.2. Seasonality Assessment
3.1.3. Annual Runoff Retention Volume and Retention Rate
3.1.4. Assessment of Different Approaches to Determine the Runoff Coefficient
3.2. Simulation Performance of an Extensive GR
4. Conclusions
- Adaptation of the previous developed model to the present experimental data, which have been obtained in a different year with a different climate pattern, resulted in a very low correlation coefficient. This conclusion denotes the need to develop a new model that is more robust and takes into consideration other variables from local climate characteristics (e.g. air humidity, solar radiation, and antecedent dry weather period) and GR system composition (e.g. substrate mixture, vegetation type, and retention capacity).
- The monthly determination approach resulted in lower runoff coefficient values (0–0.46), than the weekly or per independent rain event (0.017.0.764) determination. When applied to a long-term performance analysis, this study showed no significant differences when using the monthly, weekly, or per independent rain event runoff, resulting in a variation of only 0.9 m3 of annual runoff. This indicates that the use of monthly values for runoff coefficient, although not suitable for sizing drainage systems, might be used to estimate their long-term performance. Overall, the pilot GR presented an annual retention volume and an annual retention rate of 1095.5 mm and 89.6%, respectively, in a year with a total precipitation of 1089 mm.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Month | Precipitation (mm) | Temperature (°C) | Irrigation (mm) | C Monthly | C Equation (3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
January 2017 | 96.78 | 10.0 | 0 | 0.027 | 0.094 |
February 2017 | 181.86 | 12.4 | 0 | 0.082 | 0.130 |
March 2017 | 140.19 | 13.3 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.108 |
April 2017 | 34.03 | 16.4 | 9.3 | 0.000 | 0.046 |
May 2017 | 150.62 | 18.1 | 16.3 | 0.102 | 0.122 |
June 2017 | 21.57 | 19.8 | 21.0 | 0.000 | 0.046 |
July 2017 | 8.39 | 20.3 | 11.7 | 0.000 | 0.027 |
August 2017 | 3.29 | 20.5 | 25.7 | 0.000 | 0.035 |
September 2017 | 13.17 | 17.9 | 28.0 | 0.000 | 0.045 |
October 2017 | 48.77 | 18.7 | 21.0 | 0.238 | 0.065 |
November 2017 | 48.00 | 13.5 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.050 |
December 2017 | 179.07 | 11.1 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.137 |
Janaury 2018 | 163.57 | 10.7 | 0 | 0.460 | 0.115 |
Total | 1089.3 | 133.05 | R2 = 0.121 |
Start | End | Precipitation (mm) | Runoff (mm) | Mean T (°C) | C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
26 January | 8 February | 200.15 | 10.74 | 12.24 | 0.054 |
12 February | 16 February | 44.96 | 7.33 | 12.72 | 0.163 |
5 May | 7 May | 35.05 | 0.61 | 16.8 | 0.017 |
9 May | 14 May | 98.8 | 16.41 | 16.2 | 0.166 |
17 October | 23 October | 48.08 | 16.57 | 15.8 | 0.301 |
26 December | 7 January | 160.01 | 17.69 | 12.28 | 0.111 |
10 January | 20 January | 56.39 | 39.03 | 9.74 | 0.692 |
26 January | 28 January | 24.13 | 18.44 | 10.27 | 0.764 |
Precipitation (m3) | Irrigation * (m3) | Runoff (m3) | Retention (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
C model | 217.9 | 26.6 | 25.9 | 89.4 |
C monthly | 24.0 | 90.2 | ||
C weekly | 24.9 | 89.8 | ||
C rain event | 24.8 | 89.9 | ||
Real obtained value | 25.4 | 89.6 |
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Monteiro, C.M.; Santos, C.; Castro, P.M.L. Extensive Green Roofs: Different Time Approaches to Runoff Coefficient Determination. Water 2023, 15, 1852. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101852
Monteiro CM, Santos C, Castro PML. Extensive Green Roofs: Different Time Approaches to Runoff Coefficient Determination. Water. 2023; 15(10):1852. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101852
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonteiro, Cristina M., Cristina Santos, and Paula M. L. Castro. 2023. "Extensive Green Roofs: Different Time Approaches to Runoff Coefficient Determination" Water 15, no. 10: 1852. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101852
APA StyleMonteiro, C. M., Santos, C., & Castro, P. M. L. (2023). Extensive Green Roofs: Different Time Approaches to Runoff Coefficient Determination. Water, 15(10), 1852. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101852