Long-Term Performance of Liners Subjected to Freeze-Thaw Cycles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Experimental Program
3.1. Samples Preparation
3.2. Freeze-Thaw Cycles
3.3. Hydraulic Conductivity Test
3.4. Soil Water Retention Curve (SWRC)
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The performance of a liner could be measured by assessing the variations of hydraulic conductivity of clay-sand liners under continuous water flow. Freeze and thaw cycles were found to increase the hydraulic conductivity. The reduction in the hydraulic conductivity was found due to settlement and compression in the sand-clay mixture.
- The history of freeze and thaw, the fine content, and the vertical stress applied were found to be the main parameters that influence the hydraulic conductivity.
- The loss of fines is found to be lower for clays with higher plasticity. It is found that the mineralogy and type of clay do have a great influence on hydraulic conductivity in general.
- The liners subjected to freeze-thaw cycles indicated better performance for highly plastic clays. This can be explained due to stabilization caused by successive cycles of freezing and thawing. The natural clay soil used did not show a reduction in the hydraulic conductivity as a result of the freeze-thaw process.
- The hydraulic conductivity can be reduced by more than two orders of magnitude (5 × 10−7 to 0.2 × 10−5) when applied stresses on Al-Qatif clay-sand mixture are increased from 7 kPa to 30 kPa.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Test | Value |
---|---|
Specific Gravity, Gs | 2.70 |
Liquid Limit, wL (%) | 160% |
Plastic Limit, wP (%) | 60% |
Shrinkage Limit, wsh (%) | 12% |
% passing Sieve No. 200 | 65–95% |
Unified soil classification | CH |
Maximum dry unit weight (kN/m3) | 12 kN/m3 |
Optimum water content (%) | 38% |
Swelling potential (ASTM D4546) | 16–18% |
Swelling pressure (ASTM D4546) | 550–600 kN/m2 |
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Al-Mahbashi, A.M.; Dafalla, M.; Al-Shamrani, M. Long-Term Performance of Liners Subjected to Freeze-Thaw Cycles. Water 2022, 14, 3218. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203218
Al-Mahbashi AM, Dafalla M, Al-Shamrani M. Long-Term Performance of Liners Subjected to Freeze-Thaw Cycles. Water. 2022; 14(20):3218. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203218
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Mahbashi, Ahmed M., Muawia Dafalla, and Mosleh Al-Shamrani. 2022. "Long-Term Performance of Liners Subjected to Freeze-Thaw Cycles" Water 14, no. 20: 3218. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203218