Expanding the Irrigated Areas in the MENA and Central Asia: Challenges or Opportunities?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Current Situation and Data Used
2.2. Calculating the Irrigation and Rainfed Hectare Annual Water Demand
2.3. Expanding the Farmed Area Scenarios and Classification
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Region | RSW (km3) | RGW (km3) | RWR (mm) | AWU (km3) | AL (1000 ha) | ALP (1000 ha) | R/ICY | AGDP (%) | IGVA (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algeria | NA | 10.15 | 1.52 | 4.90 | 2.7 | 41,456 | 41,432,000 | 2.2 | 12 | 20 |
Bahrain | ME | 0.004 | 0.112 | 151.63 | 0.2 | 8.6 | 4365 | 1.77 | 0.3 | 92.4 |
Egypt | NA | 56 | 2.3 | 57.72 | 54.3 | 3790 | 75,000 | - | 11.5 | 100 |
Iran | ME | 105.8 | 49.3 | 94.11 | 64.6 | 45,954 | 27,847,000 | 2.5 | 9.5 | 73.4 |
Iraq | ME | 88.58 | 3.28 | 210.17 | 39.6 | 9250 | 3,240,000 | 2.2 | 3 | 57.3 |
Palestine | ME | 0.555 | 1.225 | 80.38 | 1.0 | 534 | 231,300 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 49.1 |
Jordan | ME | 0.65 | 0.54 | 13.32 | 0.7 | 1056 | 751,800 | 1.77 | 5.5 | 54.4 |
Kuwait | ME | 0.19 | 0.02 | 11.79 | 0.3 | 150 | 142,000 | - | 0.5 | 100 |
Lebanon | ME | 3.803 | 3.2 | 670.02 | 0.9 | 658 | 476,000 | 1.85 | 3 | 66.1 |
Libya | NA | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.45 | 3.3 | 15,350 | 13,630,000 | 2.67 | 0.8 | 39.7 |
Morocco | NA | 22 | 10 | 71.66 | 11.2 | 30,047 | 22,591,400 | 1.8 | 12.3 | 28.6 |
Oman | ME | 1.05 | 1.3 | 7.59 | 1.2 | 1434 | 1,382,230 | - | 2.1 | 100 |
Qatar | ME | 0.2 | 0.058 | 22.30 | 20.7 | 68 | 60,600 | - | 0.2 | 100 |
Saudi Arabia | ME | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.05 | 16.2 | 173,635 | 172,192,000 | - | 2.5 | 100 |
Syria | ME | 12.63 | 6.174 | 101.54 | 14.8 | 4662 | 81,79,000 | 2.07 | 20.6 | 38.6 |
Tunisia | NA | 3.42 | 1.595 | 30.65 | 2.2 | 9834 | 7,136,000 | 1.77 | 9.6 | 16.6 |
Turkey | ME | 171.8 | 67.8 | 305.78 | 26.7 | 38,551 | 11,196,000 | 2.14 | 6 | 26 |
UAE | ME | 0.15 | 0.12 | 3.23 | 2.5 | 383 | 126,832 | - | 0.78 | 100 |
Yemen | ME | 5.3 | 1.5 | 6.31 | 2.7 | 23,433 | 22,198,812 | 2.34 | 19 | 59 |
Afghanistan | CA | 55.68 | 10.65 | 101.60 | 19.9 | 37,910 | 30,009,000 | 2.1 | 24 | 44.5 |
Kazakhstan | CA | 100.6 | 33.85 | 49.34 | 15.1 | 217,161 | 192,556,500 | 1.77 | 4.5 | 6.9 |
Kyrgyzstan | CA | 21.15 | 13.69 | 174.29 | 7.1 | 10,611 | 9,190,300 | 1.77 | 12.5 | 84.1 |
Tajikistan | CA | 18.91 | 6 | 174.07 | 10.4 | 4755 | 3852,700 | - | 21.2 | 90.3 |
Turkmenistan | CA | 24.36 | 0.405 | 50.42 | 26.3 | 34,000 | 31,898,000 | - | 8.7 | 100 |
Uzbekistan | CA | 42.07 | 8.8 | 113.30 | 54.3 | 25,598 | 20,926,700 | 1.77 | 30 | 90 |
Class I | NAWD ≤ RSW | New water demand is less than both renewable surface and groundwater resources. Expansion is sustainable. |
and | ||
NAWD ≤ RGW | ||
Class II | NAWD ≤ RSW | New water demand is less than renewable surface water resources but larger than renewable groundwater resources. Expansion is partially sustainable. |
and | ||
NAWD > RGW | ||
Class III | NAWD > RSW | New water demand is larger than renewable groundwater resources but larger than renewable surface resources. Expansion is partially sustainable. |
and | ||
NAWD ≤ RGW | ||
Class IV | NAWD ≤ (RSW + RGW) | New water demand is less than the summation of surface and groundwater resources. Expansion is partially sustainable. |
Class V | NAWD > (RSW + RGW) | New water demand is larger than the summation of the renewable surface and groundwater resources, but the current water demand is lower. Expansion is unsustainable. |
and | ||
CAWD < (RSW + RGW) | ||
Class VI | CAWD > (RSW + RGW) | Current water demand is higher than the summation of renewable surface and groundwater resources. Fossil water resources, which are the overexploited nonrenewable water resources, are currently used. |
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Abou Zaki, N.; Kløve, B.; Torabi Haghighi, A. Expanding the Irrigated Areas in the MENA and Central Asia: Challenges or Opportunities? Water 2022, 14, 2560. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162560
Abou Zaki N, Kløve B, Torabi Haghighi A. Expanding the Irrigated Areas in the MENA and Central Asia: Challenges or Opportunities? Water. 2022; 14(16):2560. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162560
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbou Zaki, Nizar, Bjørn Kløve, and Ali Torabi Haghighi. 2022. "Expanding the Irrigated Areas in the MENA and Central Asia: Challenges or Opportunities?" Water 14, no. 16: 2560. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162560