Ecological Compensation Mechanism in a Trans-Provincial River Basin: A Hydrological/Water-Quality Modeling-Based Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methodology
2.1. Study Area
2.2. SWAT Model and Inputs
2.2.1. Datasets for SWAT Model Building
2.2.2. Management Practices for the SWAT Model
2.3. Ecological Compensation Implementation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Suitability of SWAT for Simulating Streamflow and Nutrients
3.2. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Nutrient Pollution
3.2.1. Spatial Variation in Nutrients
3.2.2. Seasonal Variation in Nutrients
3.2.3. Nutrients in the Trans-Provincial Key Sections
3.3. Effect and Quantification of Eco-Compensation
3.4. Implications for Eco-Compensation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data Type | Resolution | Year | Data Source |
---|---|---|---|
1. Digital elevation model | 90 m | 2006 | SRTM Digital Elevation Database v4. 1 (https://bigdata.cgiar.org/srtm-90m-digital-elevation-database/, accessed on 1 February 2021) |
2. Land use land cover | 1 km | 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 | Resource and Environment Science and Data Center (https://www.resdc.cn/, accessed on 1 February 2021) |
3. Soil map | 1 km | 1995 | Resource and Environment Data Cloud Platform (https://www.resdc.cn/, accessed on 1 March 2021); China Soil Science Database (http://vdb3.soil.csdb.cn/, accessed on 1 May 2021); SPAW software (https://hrsl.ba.ars.usda.gov/SPAW/, accessed on 1 May 2021) |
4. Climate observation (i.e., station location, precipitation, temperature, solar, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed) | daily | 1960–2019 | National Meteorological Information Centre (http://data.cma.cn/, accessed on 1 February 2021); Angstrom-Prescott radiation model |
5. Crop management (i.e., land cover, type, and mode) | date | 2019 | Field survey |
6. Fertilization application (i.e., type, date, and quantity) | date | 2005 | Field survey; literature review 1 |
7. Livestock manure production | daily | 2011 | Literature review |
8. Streamflow data (i.e., station location, flow rate) | monthly | 1997–2001; 2007–2012 | Changjiang Water Resources Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources |
9. Water quality data (i.e., monitoring location, and total nitrogen and phosphorus) | date | 2000–2019 | Literature review; Monthly Report on Water Quality of Han River (http://sthjj.xiangyang.gov.cn/hjxx/tjsj/hjszyb/, accessed on 1 May 2021); Xiangyang Municipal Ecological Environment Bureau |
LULC | Crop | Cycle | Fertilization | Urea Applied (kg/ha) | P2O5 2 Applied (kg/ha) | Fertilizer on Surface |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AGRL 1 | Winter wheat | 15 October–15 June | 15 October | 100.38 | 102.60 | 0.2 |
1 April | 43.02 | - | 0.2 | |||
Summer corn | 1 July–15 September | 1 August | 191.25 | 59.25 | 0.2 | |
RICE 1 | Rice | 15 April–1 October | 1 May | 82.80 | 114.75 | 0.5 |
1 July | 49.68 | - | 0.5 | |||
1 August | 33.12 | - | 0.5 | |||
LULC | Livestock | Duration (days) | Application frequency | Manure 3 applied (kg/ha) | Heat Unit | |
URLD | Swine/beef/broiler | 365 | 1 (daily) | 6.38 | 0 |
LULC | Plant | Area (km2) | Area (%) | Nfert (kg/ha∙y) | Pfert (kg/ha∙y) | TN (kg/ha∙y) | TP (kg/ha∙y) | TN (ton·y) | TP (ton·y) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AGRL | WWHT/CORN | 14,913.9 | 61.6 | 153.9 | 69.6 | 10.0 | 7.1 | 14,850.9 | 10,566.6 |
FRST | FRST | 4462.2 | 18.4 | - | - | 2.7 | 0.9 | 1223.9 | 387.2 |
URLD | BERM | 1638.0 | 6.8 | 121.2 | - | 5.6 | 1.5 | 917.0 | 252.5 |
RICE | RICE | 1083.2 | 4.5 | 76.2 | 49.3 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 680.8 | 913.5 |
WATR | - | 657.6 | 2.7 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
PAST | Panicum | 567.3 | 2.3 | - | - | 9.7 | 3.1 | 550.1 | 173.8 |
HAY | Hay | 392.0 | 1.6 | 321.6 | 12.5 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 118.3 | 60.4 |
URBN | BERM | 221.3 | 0.9 | 226.2 | - | 6.6 | 0.3 | 147.1 | 7.5 |
ORCD | ORCD | 142.7 | 0.6 | 2.9 | - | 4.1 | 1.1 | 57.9 | 15.0 |
UIDU | BERM | 83.2 | 0.3 | 129.2 | - | 6.0 | 1.5 | 49.6 | 12.5 |
BARR | BARR | 30.4 | 0.1 | - | - | 14.0 | 4.2 | 42.6 | 12.8 |
Whole basin | 24,192 | 100 | 114.3 | 45.3 | 7.7 | 5.1 | 18,638.2 | 12,401.8 |
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Wan, W.; Zheng, H.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, J.; Fan, Y.; Fan, H. Ecological Compensation Mechanism in a Trans-Provincial River Basin: A Hydrological/Water-Quality Modeling-Based Analysis. Water 2022, 14, 2542. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162542
Wan W, Zheng H, Liu Y, Zhao J, Fan Y, Fan H. Ecological Compensation Mechanism in a Trans-Provincial River Basin: A Hydrological/Water-Quality Modeling-Based Analysis. Water. 2022; 14(16):2542. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162542
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan, Wenhua, Hang Zheng, Yueyi Liu, Jianshi Zhao, Yingqi Fan, and Hongbo Fan. 2022. "Ecological Compensation Mechanism in a Trans-Provincial River Basin: A Hydrological/Water-Quality Modeling-Based Analysis" Water 14, no. 16: 2542. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162542