Collaborative Action and Social Organization in Remote Rural Regions: Autonomous Irrigation Arrangements in the Pamirs of Tajikistan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theory, Methods and Materials, and the Study Sites
2.1. The Nexus Medium Approach
2.2. Methodology and Materials
2.3. Three Study Sites in the Western Pamirs in Tajikistan
3. Results
3.1. Meanings Ascribed to Water by the Rural Communities
3.2. Autonomous Irrigation Arrangements of the Three Study Sites
3.2.1. The Supralocal Water User Association of Porshnev Municipality
3.2.2. The Interlocal Irrigation Arrangement of Sizhd Village
3.2.3. The Local Irrigation Arrangement of Shirgin Village
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year, Place | Institution: Professional or Social Status of Interviewee | Kind of Interview (Number of Interviews) | Gender of Respondent |
---|---|---|---|
2014 Khorog Sizhd | Mountain Societies Development Support Programme (MSDSP): expert for natural resource management | Expert interview (1) | Male |
Local administration: head of village | Narrative interview (1) | Male | |
Water management: canal masters | Narrative interviews (3) | Male | |
Former state farm “Vatan”: former employees (contemporary witnesses) | Narrative interviews (2) | Male | |
Community members: household representatives | Semi-structured interviews (15) | Male | |
2015 Khorog Shirgin | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ): expert for rural development | Expert interviews (2) | Male |
CAMP Tabiat: expert for natural resource management and regional history | Male | ||
Community members: teacher, farmer, water master, and village elder | Narrative interviews (4) | Male | |
2016 Shirgin Khorog | Community members: teachers, farmers, shepherds, village elders, head of farmer organization, water master, amateur historians, religious dignitary, shop keeper, and head of the village youth | Narrative interviews (15) | Male |
Former state farm “Lenin”: former employees (contemporary witnesses) | |||
Local administration: head of village | Semi-structured interviews (2) | Male | |
Community members: household representatives | Semi-structured interviews (12) | Male/Female | |
MSDSP: expert for natural resource management | Expert interviews (2) | Male | |
PEAS: agronomist, plant breeding expert | Male | ||
2018 Khorog Porshnev Shirgin | MSDSP: expert for natural resource management | Expert interviews (3) | Male |
Pamir Experimental Agronomic Station of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan (PEAS): agronomist, plant breeding expert | Male | ||
University of Central Asia (UCA): agricultural scientist and expert on rural development | Male | ||
Water User Association (WUA): head, deputy, water master, and clerk | Group interview (1) | Male | |
Local administration: clerk | Male | ||
Community members: head of farmer organization, local farmers | Male | ||
Walk-in clinic: doctor, nurse | Semi-structured interview (1) | Female | |
Local museum: historian | Narrative interview (1) | Male | |
Community members: teacher, farmer, and head of the village youth | Semi-structured interviews (3) | Male |
Porshnev Municipality | Sizhd Village | Shirgin Village | |
---|---|---|---|
Elevation | 2000–2300 m | 2500–2600 m | 2800–3000 m |
Inhabitants/households late 19th, early 20th century 1,2 | 283/59 | 77/8 | 110/11 |
In 1931 3 | 1755/238 | 278/27 | 242/19 |
In 2015 4 | 8568/1357 | 1024/153 | 893/103 |
Main crops cultivated late 19th, early 20th century 1,2 | Grains and legumes | Grains and legumes | Grains and legumes |
In the 1980s 5 | Forage crops and vegetables | Forage crops and vegetables | Forage crops and vegetables |
In the 21st century 6 | Grains, legumes, root crops, and vegetables | Grains, legumes, root crops, and vegetables | Grains, legumes, root crops, and vegetables |
Irrigation arrangement | |||
Organizational status | Bottom–up initiated formal WUA | Informal local-specific arrangement | Informal local-specific arrangement |
Spatio-administrative scale | Supralocal | Interlocal | Local |
Number of beneficiaries 5,6,7 | ca. 9000 inhabitants (2018) | ca. 150 households (2014) | ca. 100 households (2016) |
Key administrative tiers and functions 5,6 | Municipality administration, head of the WUA, water master, assembly of canal masters, individual canal masters, neighborhood groups, and individual households | VO and village assembly, canal masters, neighborhood groups, and individual households | VO and village assembly, water masters, heads of farmers, subgroups of farmers, and individual households |
Funding and fees 5 | WUA membership fee of 1.00 TJS per household per month independent of the size of the irrigated area | A monthly fee of 15.00 TJS or 20.00 TJS from each beneficiary household dependent upon the location and the area of the irrigated land | A general annual remuneration of 10.00 TJS from each household to the water master independent of the size of the irrigated area |
Main challenges besides scarcity and uneven distribution of irrigation water 5,6 | Lack of non-agricultural income opportunities Low wages Irrigation infrastructure vulnerable to natural hazards | Lack of non-agricultural income opportunities Low wages Growing number of farmers Water theft Irrigation infrastructure vulnerable to natural hazards | Lack of arable land and demographic growth Local of non-agricultural income opportunities Low wages Irrigation infrastructure vulnerable to natural hazards |
May | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 |
Vozm/Buved | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Barchid/Midenshor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Khosa/Kukhk | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
June | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
Vozm/Buved | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Barchid/Midenshor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Khosa/Kukhk |
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Dörre, A. Collaborative Action and Social Organization in Remote Rural Regions: Autonomous Irrigation Arrangements in the Pamirs of Tajikistan. Water 2020, 12, 2905. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102905
Dörre A. Collaborative Action and Social Organization in Remote Rural Regions: Autonomous Irrigation Arrangements in the Pamirs of Tajikistan. Water. 2020; 12(10):2905. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102905
Chicago/Turabian StyleDörre, Andrei. 2020. "Collaborative Action and Social Organization in Remote Rural Regions: Autonomous Irrigation Arrangements in the Pamirs of Tajikistan" Water 12, no. 10: 2905. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102905
APA StyleDörre, A. (2020). Collaborative Action and Social Organization in Remote Rural Regions: Autonomous Irrigation Arrangements in the Pamirs of Tajikistan. Water, 12(10), 2905. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102905