Water Supply Basins of São Paulo Metropolitan Region: Hydro-Climatic Characteristics of the 2013–2015 Water Crisis
1
Institute of Geography and Sustainability, University of Lausanne, Geopolis Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
2
CHROME, University of Nîmes, 30000 Nîmes, France
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2018, 10(11), 1517; https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111517
Received: 29 August 2018
/
Revised: 16 October 2018
/
Accepted: 23 October 2018
/
Published: 25 October 2018
(This article belongs to the Section Hydrology)
São Paulo metropolitan region experienced an acute water crisis between 2013 and 2015. According to the Brazilian and international press, it was due to climatic, anthropogenic, and water management factors. This paper assesses the hydro-climatic characteristics of the crisis by focusing on the Alto-Tietê basin and the headwater of the Piracicaba-Capivari-Jundiaí (PCJ) basin that supply 70% of the water consumed in the metropolis. Based on 16 rain-gauge stations, 5 runoff-gauge stations, and several statistical analyses carried over the 1951–2015 period, this assessment shows that the 2013–2015 hydro-climatic crisis resulted from a large number of days without rain in the north of the Alto-Tietê basin and to less intense precipitation events in the headwaters of the PCJ basin during the austral spring 2013 and the year 2014. It also defines a return period of 98 years for observed river flows in 2014. Despite the rare nature of this hydrological drought, the need for efficient water saving policies is brought forward.
View Full-Text
Keywords:
São Paulo; Brazil; water scarcity; hydrological drought; low-flow frequency; low-flow threshold
▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Milano, M.; Reynard, E.; Muniz-Miranda, G.; Guerrin, J. Water Supply Basins of São Paulo Metropolitan Region: Hydro-Climatic Characteristics of the 2013–2015 Water Crisis. Water 2018, 10, 1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111517
AMA Style
Milano M, Reynard E, Muniz-Miranda G, Guerrin J. Water Supply Basins of São Paulo Metropolitan Region: Hydro-Climatic Characteristics of the 2013–2015 Water Crisis. Water. 2018; 10(11):1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111517
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilano, Marianne, Emmanuel Reynard, Graziele Muniz-Miranda, and Joana Guerrin. 2018. "Water Supply Basins of São Paulo Metropolitan Region: Hydro-Climatic Characteristics of the 2013–2015 Water Crisis" Water 10, no. 11: 1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111517
Find Other Styles
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
