Next Article in Journal
Genetic Insights from Consanguineous Cardiomyopathy Families
Next Article in Special Issue
Identification of Small RNAs Associated with Salt Stress in Chrysanthemums through High-Throughput Sequencing and Bioinformatics Analysis
Previous Article in Journal
A Genome-Wide View of the Transcriptome Dynamics of Fresh-Cut Potato Tubers
Previous Article in Special Issue
Co-Expression of ZmVPP1 with ZmNAC111 Confers Robust Drought Resistance in Maize
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Genes
Volume 14
Issue 1
10.3390/genes14010183
genes-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

The NtSPL Gene Family in Nicotiana tabacum: Genome-Wide Investigation and Expression Analysis in Response to Cadmium Stress

by
Linshen He
1,
Xiang Peng
1,
Hanping Cao
1,
Kunjian Yang
1,
Lien Xiang
2,
Rui Li
1,
Fangyuan Zhang
3 and
Wanhong Liu
1,*
1
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
2
College of Environmental Science & Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
3
School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Genes 2023, 14(1), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14010183
Submission received: 20 December 2022 / Revised: 4 January 2023 / Accepted: 6 January 2023 / Published: 10 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress in Land Plants: Molecular Genetics and Genomics)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like (SPL)SPL family genes play an important role in regulating plant growth and development, synthesis of secondary metabolites, and resistance to stress. Understanding of the role of the SPL family in tobacco is still limited. In this study, 42 NtSPL genes were identified from the genome of the tobacco variety TN90. According to the results of the conserved motif and phylogenetic tree, the NtSPL genes were divided into eight subgroups, and the genes in the same subgroup showed similar gene structures and conserved domains. The cis-acting element analysis of the NtSPL promoters showed that the NtSPL genes were regulated by plant hormones and stresses. Twenty-eight of the 42 NtSPL genes can be targeted by miR156. Transcriptome data and qPCR results indicated that the expression pattern of miR156-targeted NtSPL genes was usually tissue specific. The expression level of miR156 in tobacco was induced by Cd stress, and the expression pattern of NtSPL4a showed a significant negative correlation with that of miR156. These results suggest that miR156-NtSPL4a may mediate the tobacco response to Cd stress. This study lays a foundation for further research on the function of the NtSPL gene and provides new insights into the involvement of NtSPL genes in the plant response to heavy metal stress.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Cadmium (Cd) pollution of agricultural soil is an increasing problem, and poses a great risk to the growth and development of crops and human health. Reducing the content of heavy metals in edible parts of crops has been a hot topic in the field of plant nutrition and the environment. Tobacco is the most widely cultivated non-food cash crop. Additionally, tobacco has been considered a Cd hyperaccumulator in recent years [1,2]. Therefore, in addition to Cd accumulation in the human body from food and the environment, tobacco is the main source of Cd exposure, especially for smokers [3]. The results of several studies are alarming: they all show that smoking can cause significant Cd accumulation in the body and cause multiple organ dysfunction [4,5]. In addition to active abstinence from smoking, the development of tobacco with low Cd content may be an effective strategy to control the accumulation of Cd in smokers.
The SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like (SPL) gene family is a special class of transcription factors in plants. It plays a key regulatory role in plant growth and development and stress resistance [6]. The SPL transcription factors are involved in the regulation of plant growth and development processes, such as tillering and branching in wheat [7], glandular trichome initiation in Artemisia annua L. [8], and flowering in cassava [9]. In addition, many studies have shown that SPL transcription factors mediate plant responses to salt stress [10], high temperature [11], low temperature [12,13,14], and other abiotic stresses. In fact, plant SPL transcription factors play a crucial role in maintaining metal ion homeostasis in plants. For example, the miR157-SPL-CNR module negatively regulates the tomato response to iron deficiency [15]. AtSPL7 is involved in regulating the copper deficiency response of Arabidopsis thaliana [16,17]. Recent studies have found that OsSPL7 regulates the expression of OsNRAMP5-mediated Cd accumulation in rice [18]. However, the mechanism of SPL’s role in regulating the absorption and transport of metal ions remains unclear in tobacco.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs with a length of 18–30 nt that are widely found in plants and animals. On the basis of sequence complement, miRNAs directly act on the mRNA of the target gene and negatively regulate the expression of the target gene through cleavage, inhibition of translation, and DNA methylation [19]. Therefore, miRNAs play an important regulatory role in the growth and development of plants and their response to the external environment [20]. It is important to study the biological functions of miRNAs in regulating the plant response to heavy metal stress to further understand the molecular mechanism of metal metabolism in plants. With the development and wide application of high-throughput sequencing technology, many plant species, including Sedum alfredii, Brassica juncea, Medicago truncatula, and other Cd hyperaccumulators have been studied for miRNAs related to heavy metal responses [21]. The results of such studies suggest that miRNAs are involved in regulating the plant response to heavy metal stress. The results of miRNA transcription data showed that Cd could change miR156 expression patterns in Chinese cabbage, which affects the Cd tolerance of different varieties of cabbage [22]. Overexpression of miR156 in Arabidopsis transgenic plants significantly reduces the accumulation of Cd, and enhances Cd stress tolerance in transgenic plants [23]. In fact, there is sufficient evidence that miR156 performs biological functions by regulating SPL genes. However, the mechanism by which miR156-SPL modulates the plant response to Cd stress has not yet been studied.
Since members of the SPL transcription factor family show pleiotropic functions in plants, genome-wide analysis of the SPL gene family has been performed in many plants, including tea plant [24], alfalfa [10,25], Setaria italica [26], Fraxinus mandshurica [27], Ziziphus jujuba [28], Chenopodium quinoa [29] and sugarcane [30]. In these studies, the functional diversity of SPL transcription factors was revealed and they played an important role in resisting external stress. However, there have been no reports on the genome-wide identification of the NtSPL gene family. In this study, basic information on NtSPL gene family members was extracted from the genome of tobacco variety TN90, and phylogenetic tree analysis, gene structure analysis, promoter cis-acting element prediction, and targeting relationship prediction between miR156 and NtSPL were performed. Finally, qPCR was used to assay the tissue expression patterns of some NtSPL genes and their expression patterns under Cd stress. These results provide an important basis for revealing the regulation of the miR156-NtSPL module on Cd uptake and accumulation in tobacco.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Identification and Sequence Analysis of the NtSPL and Nta-miR156 Gene Family

The completed whole genome data of the tobacco cultivar TN90, including amino acid sequences and functional annotations of all the proteins were downloaded from the NCBI database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, accessed on 12 January 2020). The HMM profile of SBP (PF03110) was downloaded from the Pfam database (http://pfam.xfam.org/, accessed on 12 October 2020) and the HMMER program (http://hmmer.org, accessed on 12 October 2020) was employed to filter out the tobacco NtSPL protein sequence. The conserved SBP domain of candidate NtSPL proteins was verified with the Pfam database (http://pfam.xfam.org/, accessed on 21 November 2020) and Smart database (http://smart.embl.de/smart/batch.pl, accessed on 21 November 2020), and redundant protein sequences were removed. Finally, 42 NtSPL genes were accurately screened. The relative molecular weights and theoretical isoelectric points of tobacco NtSPL proteins were calculated using the ProtParam tool in ExPASyweb (http://www.expasy.org/, accessed on 16 April 2021), while the subcellular localization of NtSPL proteins was predicted using the Plant-mPLoc online website (http://www.csbio.sjtu.edu.cn/bioinf/plant-multi/, accessed on 10 August 2022) [31].
Sequence information of miR156 family members from a total of six species of Arabidopsis, rice, maize, tomato, oilseed rape, and tobacco was downloaded from the PmiREN 2.0 database (https://pmiren.com/, accessed on 17 February 2022) [32]. Multiple sequence alignment of Nta-miR156 matrices was performed using the ClustalW program of MEGA 11 software, and default parameters were selected for the alignment process. Subsequently, the results of the multiple sequence comparison were visualized by Jalview 2.11 software. Using the same method, the mature sequences of miR156 family members were aligned in five model plants (Arabidopsis, rice, maize, tomato, and oilseed rape), and the miR156 sequence Logo of these model plants and the tobacco miR156 sequence Logo was mapped by the WebLogo 2.8 online tool (https://weblogo.berkeley.edu/logo.cgi, accessed on 5 March 2022) [33].

2.2. Phylogenetic Analysis

The 42 tobacco NtSPL proteins, 17 Arabidopsis AtSPL proteins [34], 15 tomato SlySPL proteins [35], and 22 M. truncatula MtSPL proteins [36] were compared by MUSCLE multiple sequence alignments using MEGA 11 software, and a maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was then constructed using the LG protein model with other parameters set to default. The classification of the tobacco NtSPL gene family was based on the classification method of the tomato SlySPL gene family. Finally, the phylogenetic tree was visualized using the EvolView online website (https://evolgenius.info//evolview-v2/#login, accessed on 3 January 2023) [37].

2.3. Multiple Sequence Alignment Analysis and Motif Composition and Gene Structure

Multiple sequence alignment of the NtSPL gene family was performed using the MUSCLE algorithm in JalView 2.11 software [38], followed by visual analysis of the multiple sequence alignment results using JalView 2.11 software, which was used to construct a consistent sequence of NtSPL family members [39]. The online MEME tool (http://meme-suite, accessed on 14 November 2022) was used to determine the distribution of conserved motifs in NtSPL proteins by setting 12 motifs, with an unlimited number of motif occurrences on each sequence and default values for all other parameters [40]. The online tool GSDS (http://gsds.gao-lab.org/, accessed on 14 November 2022) was used to generate NtSPL gene structure maps based on the available tobacco coding sequences and their respective genomic sequences [41]. Finally, the visualizations of the phylogenetic tree, conserved motif distribution, and gene structure of the tobacco NtSPL gene was constructed using the Gene Structure Viewer program in Tbtools 1.108 [42].

2.4. Prediction of Cis-Acting Elements

The 1500 bp sequence upstream of the CDS of the NtSPL gene was extracted as the promoter sequence using the Gtf/Gff3 Sequences Extract program in the Tbtools 1.108 tool, and the extracted promoter sequence was submitted to the PlantCARE online website (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/, accessed on 6 May 2021) for cis-acting element prediction analysis [43]. Finally, the screened tobacco NtSPL cis-acting elements were visualized using the Simple BioSequence Viewer program in TBtools 1.108.

2.5. Predictive Analysis of NtSPL Gene Family miRNAs

To better understand the miRNAs regulating NtSPL gene expression, we submitted the mRNA sequences with NtSPL genes to the psRNATarget online server (http://plantgrn.noble.org/psRNATarget/, accessed on 13 May 2022). The expectation was adjusted to 1, and other parameters were predicted by default analysis [44]. Subsequently, Venn and Sankey plots were drawn to demonstrate the distribution relationship between Nta-miR156 and the NtSPL gene family through the mapping tool provided by the SangerBox online platform (http://vip.sangerbox.com/, accessed on 26 May 2022) [45]. To further understand the mode of action between Nta-miR156 and its target genes, the sequence logos of all target genes and miR156 interaction regions were mapped by the WebLogo 2.8 online tool, and then the target binding pattern between Nta-miR156 and the NtSPL gene family was mapped by combining the sequence logos of tobacco miR156.

2.6. NtSPL Expression Patterns by Transcriptome Data

To investigate the expression patterns of the NtSPL gene family in different tissues of tobacco, the raw transcriptome data (PRJNA208209) was downloaded from the NCBI database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, accessed on 28 September 2020) for expression analysis of TN90 tobacco, including raw transcriptome data for root, stem, young leaf, mature leaf, senescing leaf, young flower, and mature flower and SRA data for senescing flower [46].
All RNA-seq data were first quality assessed using FastQC, followed by quality control cleaning, and the relative expression level TPM values of the NtSPL gene family were obtained by further computational analysis of the transcriptome data based on tobacco genomic data through Kallisto 0.46.2 software for gene expression [47]. Finally, the HeatMap tool of TBtools 1.108 was used for visualization.

2.7. Plant Materials and Heavy Metal Treatments

Seeds of tobacco variety TN90 were sown in uncontaminated nutrient soil and incubated at 25 ± 2 °C with 65–75% relative air humidity, 2000 lux light intensity, and a 16/8 h light/dark cycle. Two-week-old tobacco seedlings were transplanted into 1/2 Hoagland solution for 7 days. The solution in the hydroponic tank was then replaced with a fresh Hoagland solution containing 50 μM CdCl2. Tobacco seedlings were incubated with the above treatments for 7 days. The leaves and roots of the tobacco seedlings were then harvested in stages. Plant samples were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in a −80 °C refrigerator for subsequent plant RNA extraction.
To analyze tissue expression profiles, we collected five tissue samples, including roots, stems, old leaves, young leaves, and flowers, from 4-month-old tobacco plants grown in their natural environment. All samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C until total RNA was isolated. Each group included three biological replicates and technical replicates.

2.8. Analysis of the Pattern of NtSPL Gene Expression

RNA was extracted from the above plant material according to the instructions of the RNAsimple Total RNA Extraction Kit (Catalog No. DP419 and DP424) from Tiangen, Beijing, China. cDNA was synthesized from the first strand of the plant samples according to the GoScriptTM Reverse Transcriptase Kit from Promega, Madison, USA, and the synthesized cDNA was used for subsequent qPCR analysis. Three tobacco seedlings were used in each group for RNA extraction experiments.
qPCR was performed on the CFX96TM real-time fluorescence quantification platform using SYBR green luciferase (Novoprotein, Suzhou, China) with a reaction program of 45 cycles of 95 °C for 1 min; 95 °C for 15 s; and 60 °C for 30 s. The qPCR primers for the Nta-miR156 and NtSPL gene family were designed by Primer Premier 6.0 (Table S1). Tobacco NtEF1α (accession number: AF120093) was used as an internal reference gene [48], and the tissue expression profile of the NtSPL gene family and the relative expression of the NtSPL gene family under Cd stress were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCT method [49].

3. Results

3.1. Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of NtSPL Genes

According to the HMM search results, 42 candidate genes were obtained from the tobacco NtSPL gene family. Among them, 40 NtSPL genes have a completely conserved SBP structural domain (PF03110), and interestingly, the two genes NtSPL2b and NtSPL4g lack the complete SBP domain.
To further understand the evolutionary relationships between NtSPL genes and SPL genes in other species, we constructed ML phylogenetic developmental trees using SPL protein sequences from Arabidopsis, tobacco, and tomato (Figure 1) to further elucidate the evolutionary relationships of SPL genes in tobacco. All NtSPL genes were assigned specific names based on the phylogenetic relationships with their more closely related tomato SlySPL genes. The results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that the 96 SPL proteins were clustered into eight different taxa (named G1–G8) (Figure 1). Among them, the large subclade G7 contained 11 NtSPL genes, which were mainly divided into two subclade members, NtSPL3 and NtSPL4. Notably, tobacco NtSPL17a and NtSPL17b are separately clustered as the G6 large subclade, and may be the NtSPL genes specific to the evolutionary development of tobacco.
In this study, we characterized the protein sequences and physicochemical properties of NtSPL family members. The range of the NtSPL gene CDS lengths was 357~3003 bp, and the range of the encoded NtSPL protein lengths was 119~1001 amino acids. The range of the NtSPL protein molecular weights was 13.7~111.3 kDa, and the range of the theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of the proteins was 5.09~9.65. In addition, the predicted subcellular localization results showed that all NtSPL genes were localized in the nucleus, with six genes, NtSPL2a, NtSPL2c, NtSPL7a, NtSPL7b, NtSPL10a, and NtSPL10b, predicted to be localized not only in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm (Table S2).

3.2. Multiple Sequence Alignment of NtSPL Proteins

The differences between the 42 NtSPL proteins were analyzed using multiple sequence alignment, and the results of multiple sequence alignment (Figure 2) showed that all NtSPL transcription factor family member except NtSPL2b and NtSPL4g contains a highly conserved SBP domain consisting of 79 amino acid residues. They all contain two zinc finger structures Cys-Cys-His-His (C2H2), and Cys-Cys-His-Cys (C3H), and a nuclear localization signal (NLS). Among the NtSPL proteins, NtSPL7a and NtSPL7b have an N-terminal zinc finger structure of Cys4 (C4), which is different from the other tobacco NtSPL members. Notably, the lack of the NLS nuclear localization signal in the SBP domains of the NtSPL2b and NtSPL4g genes may prevent them from performing normal physiological functions.

3.3. Conserved Motifs and Gene Structure Analysis of NtSPL Genes

A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the protein sequence of NtSPL, and the gene family was divided into eight groups. Group G7 was the largest with 11 members, but groups G3 and G6 had only two NtSPL members (Figure 3a). We further analyzed the conserved motifs of NtSPL family genes and identified 12 motifs using MEME software with default parameters (Figure 3b). As expected, all NtSPL proteins except NtSPL2b and NtSPL4g contain Motif1, the SBP structural domain, consisting of approximately 79 amino acids. Notably, except for the G1 and G8 subfamilies, the NtSPL genes contain only Motif1, which is relatively more conserved. Most closely related members of the same subfamily have a common motif composition, and members in the G1 and G8 subfamilies possess some structural domains that are absent or atypical in other subfamilies. The differential distribution of these conserved motifs may be responsible for the differences in gene function.
The evolution of the tobacco NtSPL gene family was further explored by studying the intron-exon structure of tobacco NtSPL genes. The results showed that the number of intron structures in the NtSPL gene family ranged from 1 to 10 (Figure 3c). The G8 subfamily had the highest number of introns, with an average of 9.3 introns; the G7 subfamily contained only one intron; the G1, G2, G5 and G6 subfamilies contained only two introns; and the G3 and G4 subfamilies contained intron numbers ranging from 1 to 4.

3.4. Cis-Acting Elements in the Promoter Regions of NtSPL Genes

To better understand the potential regulatory mechanisms of NtSPL genes in tobacco in regard to abiotic stress responses, phytohormone responses, and growth and development, we further analyzed the upstream 1.5 kb promoter of the tobacco NtSPL genes. Fourteen elements involved in plant growth and development, plant hormone response, plant defense, and stress-related elements were screened in the NtSPL promoter and classified into three categories. These elements are irregularly scattered in the promoter regions of NtSPL family genes and are unique (Figure 4 and Table S3).
A variety of hormone-related cis-acting elements were identified in the promoter region of the NtSPL gene, including the GARE-motif/P-box/TATC-box element associated with gibberellin, the TCA-element element associated with salicylic acid, the ABRE associated with abscisic acid and the TGACG-motif element associated with MeJA. Among them, ABREs and TCA elements were widely distributed in the NtSPL promoter sequence, indicating that abscisic acid and salicylic acid are widely involved in the regulation of NtSPL genes. These results suggest that phytohormones may play an important role in the regulation of NtSPL gene expression.
The plant meristem-associated component CAT-box is mainly found in the tobacco NtSPL3, NtSPL4, and NtSPL6 subfamilies. The cis-regulatory element circadian, which is involved in the regulation of plant circadian rhythms, is present in a small number of the NtSPL genes in tobacco, namely, NtSPL3a, NtSPL4g, NtSPL6a, and NtSPL2c. Similarly, the HD-Zip1 element involved in plant leaf cell differentiation was present only in NtSPL4f. These results suggest that NtSPL gene expression plays an important role in plant growth and development.
The anaerobic-inducible regulatory-associated element (ARE) is also widely present in the promoters of NtSPL family genes, especially in the promoter regions of NtSPL6b and NtSPL12b, which contain three AREs. In addition, among environmental stress-related factors, the low-temperature response element LTR, the drought-inducible element MBS, and TC-rich repeats, elements involved in plant defense and stress responses, were widely distributed in NtSPL genes. Interestingly, the response plant wound healing element Wun-motif was present only in NtSPL17b. These results suggest that the expression of NtSPL genes may be correlated with external environmental factors. Notably, the above three related cis-acting elements were not found in the promoter of NtSPL7a or NtSPL7b, indicating the possible existence of other different regulatory pathways.

3.5. Nta-miR156 Multiplex Sequence Alignment

The miR156 family in tobacco is a superfamily containing 20 members with nomenclature ranging from Nta-miR156a to Nta-miR156t. The multiple sequence alignment results showed that the mature sequences of tobacco miR156 family members are highly similar, and some sequences are even identical. The results showed that the entire tobacco miR156 family has only 20 bases for the three mature sequences Nta-miR156f, Nta-miR156r, and Nta-miR156l, 22 bases for Nta-miR156e and Nta-miR156h, and 21 bases for the rest of the miR156 members (Figure S1). In tobacco, mature miR156 was classified into five groups based on core sequences at positions 2–21. Group I has 14 members with a mature core sequence of 5′-UGACAGAAGAGAGAGUGAGCAC-3′. Group II has three members, Nta-miR156i, Nta-miR156p, and Nta-miR156q, with a mature core sequence of 5′-UGACAGAAGAGAGAGAGAGCAC-3′. Groups III, IV, and V each have one member, Nta-miR156f, Nta-miR156r, and Nta miR156l, respectively, and their core sequences differ from those of all other miR156 members.
To further understand the differences between miR156 in tobacco and other species, the sequence conservation patterns of Nta-miR156 (20 members) and the five model species (63 members) were mapped by the WebLogo tool. These model species included Arabidopsis (10 members), maize (13 members), rice (13 members), oilseed rape (20 members), and tomato (7 members). Based on the analysis, the core sequence 5′-UGACAGAAGAGAGUGAGCAC-3′ at bases 2–21 of the tobacco miR156 family and other model species miR156 families is highly conserved (Figure S1).

3.6. Analysis of miR156 and Its Target Sequences

Many studies have shown that most SPL genes are regulated by miR156 and that miR156 target sites are located in the coding region or 3′UTR. To investigate the posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism of tobacco NtSPL, we predicted the targeting relationship of Nta-miR156 and NtSPL online through the psRNATarget online server. The results showed that 28 NtSPL genes were potential targets of miR156, and these genes were mainly distributed in the G1, G2, G4, G6, and G7 subgroups. NtSPL with potential targets of miR156 in the coding region belonged to the G1, G2, G4, and G6 subgroups, while those with targets in the 3′UTR belonged to the G7 subgroup (Figure S2).
Since the core of the targeting relationship is the complementary pairing of bases, the targeting relationship of the five groups of Nta-miR156 is demonstrated by a Venn diagram (Figure 5a). Group I Nta-miR156 has a total of 25 target genes, of which only one is unique to that group and 18 are shared with Nta-miR156i/p/q (Group II). The other six target genes of Group I were common to Nta-miR156r (Group IV), which also shared one target gene with Nta-miR156f (Group III) and two target genes with Nta-miR156l (Group V).
The Sankey plot clearly demonstrates the distribution between the five Nta-miR156 groups and their target genes (Figure 5b), with Group I and Group II targeting most of the NtSPL target genes. In the binding relationship between Nta-miR156 and the target gene NtSPL (Figure 5c), Nta-miR156 is bound very tightly to the mRNA of the NtSPL gene. Bases 1, 22, and 23 of the Nta-miR156 sequence are rarely involved in target binding to the NtSPL gene, while bases at position 15 and adjacent positions may be critical for differences in targeting relationships.

3.7. Expression Pattern Analysis Based on Transcriptome Data

The results of NtSPL gene expression in eight different tissues showed that NtSPL12a, NtSPL12b, NtSPL12d, NtSPL12e, NtSPL12f, and NtSPL7a were highly expressed in all tissues of tobacco. Interestingly, the tobacco NtSPL4a gene was barely expressed in the roots, however, it was highly expressed in all other tissues. Among the NtSPL genes, NtSPL2c, NtSPL2d, NtSPL4b, NtSPL4e, NtSPL4g, NtSPL8c, NtSPL17a, and NtSPL17b had a tissue-specific expression, and all of them were expressed at relatively low levels (Figure S3).

3.8. Tissue-Specific Expression Profiles of NtSPL Family Genes

To reveal the tissue expression patterns of the NtSPL family genes, tissue samples of tobacco roots, stems, old leaves, young leaves, and flowers were collected in this study, and the relative expression levels of the NtSPL family genes in the five tobacco tissues types were quantified using qPCR. The expression results showed that NtSPL2a, NtSPL3a, NtSPL4a, NtSPL10a, NtSPL13a, and NtSPL17a were all highly expressed in the young leaves, and NtSPL2a, NtSPL3a, NtSPL4a, and NtSPL13a were also highly expressed in the old leaves (Figure 6). It was clear that all eight NtSPL genes had relatively high expression in tobacco flowers. Interestingly, only NtSPL6a was expressed at a relatively high level in roots, while the remaining seven NtSPL genes were expressed at a relatively low level in roots. In addition, all NtSPL genes except NtSPL2a and NtSPL6a were relatively highly expressed in tobacco stems, with NtSPL15a and NtSPL17a having the highest relative expression in stems.

3.9. Heavy Metal Stress-Induced Expression Profiles of NtSPL Family Genes

To analyze the relationship between the expression of Nta-miR156 and the NtSPL family genes in tobacco under external heavy metal Cd stress, the relative expression data of Nta-miR156 and NtSPL under exposure to 50 μM Cd2+ stress for different times were determined. The results showed that the expression of Nta-miR156 was significantly upregulated in tobacco in both aboveground parts and roots under 1 to 3 days of Cd stress (Figure 7). Interestingly, under heavy metal Cd stress, only the expression level of tobacco NtSPL4a was negatively correlated with the expression level of Nta-miR156. The results suggest that Nta-miR156 may further maintain plant endostasis by regulating the gene expression level of NtSPL4a in response to heavy metal Cd stress.

4. Discussion

SPL transcription factors regulate morphogenesis [50,51], growth and development [52], secondary metabolite biosynthesis [53,54], and Cu homeostasis [55] in plants. Additionally, previous studies have revealed that SPL genes are involved in mediating plant responses to abiotic stresses [56]. To date, genome-wide identification and characterization of the SPL gene family have been documented in crops, including rice, grape, and citrus [34,57,58]. However, genome-wide analysis of the SPL gene family remains unclear in N. tabacum. In the present study, 42 NtSPL genes were identified from the tobacco cultivar TN90, and the evolutionary relationship, gene structure, cis-acting elements, and miR156 target gene prediction of NtSPL family genes were comprehensively analyzed. Additionally, qPCR was used to analyze the expression levels of NtSPL genes in different tissues and in tobacco under Cd stress.
SPL family is a family of plant-specific transcription factors that exist in both Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and higher plants [59]. It is generally assumed that plant SPL family genes originate from green algae, and the SPL family genes of land plants are divided into two classes: Class I SPL proteins are characterized by four conserved Cys residues in the zinc finger structure of the N-terminus, while in Class II SPL proteins, the fourth Cys is replaced with His [60]. Based on the SPL family gene sequences of A. thaliana and tomato, the 42 members of the tobacco NtSPL gene family were clustered into eight branches in the evolutionary tree (Figure 1). The G3 subgroup contains four members, NtSPL7a/7b, AtSPL7, and SlySPL7, all of which belong to Class I SPL proteins due to the C4 conserved motifs (Figure 2). The other seven subfamily members in tobacco were classified as Class II SPL proteins. The phylogenetic tree was consistent with the results in C. quinoa, Fagopyrum tataricum, and Malus × domestica Borkh [29,61,62], which suggested a similar convergent evolutionary pattern of the SPL family in plants.
The functional diversity of SPL family genes may be related to the differences in gene structure in plants. There are significant differences in exon-intron patterns among members of the NtSPL gene family in the tobacco plant (Figure 3), which may be caused by intron and exon loss after gene replication [60]. In addition, the motif composition of NtSPL was similar in the same branch of the phylogenetic tree, which indicated that duplicated SPL gene pairs exist in tobacco as in other species [63]. However, there were differences in motif composition in different branches of the tobacco NtSPL gene family, suggesting that these genes perform different biological functions. Although the functions of most SPL genes have been reported to be related to the regulation of plant growth and development, some SPL genes that maintain metal homeostasis are noteworthy in plants. The AtSPL7 gene in the G3 group binds to the GTAC motif (Cu-responsive element) in the miR398 promoter to regulate Cu homeostasis in A. thaliana [17,64]. The Sly-CNR gene in the G8 group negatively mediates the iron deficiency response by regulating the expression of the Fe homeostasis-related transcription factor bHLH101 in tomato [15]. In addition, AtSPL7 showed a response to Cd stress [65]; thus, this protein may be independently involved in the regulation of Cd tolerance and the accumulation of miR156 [23]. Therefore, the study of the regulation of metal homeostasis by G3 and G8 subfamily members of NtSPL family genes in tobacco is worth investigating in the future.
The cis-acting element analysis revealed that NtSPL family genes were widely involved in a variety of physiological processes, including plant growth and development, plant hormone responses, and plant stress responses. We analyzed 14 cis-acting elements in the promoter regions of NtSPL family genes and found that the promoters of fourteen NtSPL genes contained a CAT box, which is a regulatory element associated with meristem expression. SPL transcription factors mediate the establishment of meristem boundaries in plants [66]. Among all the regulatory elements related to the hormone response, ABREs related to the ABA response were the most abundant in the NtSPL gene promoter region, which is consistent with the results in other species including tea plant and apple [62,67]. A recent study reported that SPL directly activated the expression of ABA-responsive genes through interaction with abscisic acid-sensitive 5 (ABI5) [68]. The P-box, a regulatory element responding to gibberellin, is widely present in the promoter region of NtSPL genes (Figure 4). There has been evidence that the GA signaling pathway protein DELLA mediates axillary meristem (AM) growth and controls collateral formation by regulating SPL9 expression [52]. Anaerobic inducible associated elements (AREs) are the most prevalent cis-acting elements associated with the stress response in the promoter region of NtSPL genes (Figure 4). The SBP domain gene Crr1 is involved in inducing gene expression in response to anaerobic stress in C. reinhardtii [69]. In addition, several stress response-related elements including LTRs, TC-rich repeats, and MBSs, exist widely in NtSPL gene promoter regions, suggesting that NtSPL plays an important role in mediating the plant response to abiotic stress.
It is well known that the miR156-SPL module is the regulatory center mediating various physiological processes in plants. In this study, 20 sequences of miR156 genes were isolated from the tobacco database, and divided into five groups based on the consistency of seed sequences (Figure S1). All miR156 miRNAs in Group I, which has the most members, contained the core seed sequence 5′-UGACAGAAGAGAGUGAGCAC-3′, while the mutation site in other groups was mainly located at the 15th base at the 5′-end of the miR156 seed sequence (Figure S1). This result was similar to previous studies [70]. In addition, only 28 of the 42 NtSPL genes contained the target site of miR156 (Figure 5). In A. thaliana, only 10 of the 17 SPL genes were targeted by miR156, and 7 of the 17 SPL genes in barley contained complementary sequences for miR156 [71]. The target site of miR156 is in the coding region of the NtSPL gene or 3′-UTR in tobacco (Figure S2), which is consistent with the results in M. truncatula and Z. jujuba [28,36]. These results indicate that the miR156 family of tobacco, similar to other species, maintains a high degree of conservation.
The NtSPL family genes showed different expression patterns in different tissues of tobacco plants. Based on the transcriptome data, the NtSPL family genes were classified into three types, including the constitutional high expression level type, tissue-specific expression type, and constitutional low expression level type (Figure S3). Most members of the NtSPL12 subfamily were constitutionally expressed and maintained relatively high expression levels (Figure 5), most likely because these genes are not targeted by miR156 [72]. The expression level of NtSPL2c remained low in tobacco tissues except in senscent flower, because the predicted results showed that three groups of miR156 genes targeted the NtSPL2c gene. Meanwhile, eight predicted miR156-targeted NtSPL genes were verified by qPCR, and the results showed that the expression levels of the eight genes were generally consistent with the results of the transcriptome data (Figure 6). These results confirm that miR156 plays a key role in the regulation of the miR156-targeted NtSPL gene in plant growth and development.
miR156 has been confirmed to regulate Cd accumulation and enhance Cd tolerance in transgenic A. thaliana plants [23]. In addition, a previous study showed that the expression levels of SPL genes could be induced in plants under Cd stress [29]. However, there is still no evidence that the miR156-SPL module mediates plant responses to Cd stress. Therefore, eight miR156-targeted NtSPL genes and miR156 expression patterns were investigated in tobacco plants under Cd stress in this study. The expression level of miR156 was significantly upregulated in the roots and shoots of tobacco plants under Cd stress (Figure 7). However, the expression patterns of eight putative miR156-targeted NtSPL genes were different. Among them, the expression pattern of NtSPL4a in tobacco showed a high negative correlation with the expression pattern of Nta-miR156 (Figure 7), suggesting that the mi156-NtSPL4a module is the key module for the tobacco plant response to Cd stress. These results provided a new candidate gene for the study of mi156 in mediating the plant response to Cd stress.

5. Conclusions

In this study, 42 SPL genes containing the SBP domain were identified in the tobacco variety TN90. The NtSPL gene family was divided into eight branches, and members of the same branch had similar domain compositions and intron-exon structures. The 20 members of Nta-miR156 from tobacco could be classified into five groups, and 28 of the 42 NtSPL genes were miR156-targeted genes. According to transcriptome data, the expression patterns of NtSPL family genes in different tissues of tobacco plants could be clustered into two types: tissue-specific and constitutional. The qPCR results showed that the expression pattern of the miR156-targeted NtSPL gene was tissue-specific, suggesting that miR156-NtSPL plays an important role in tobacco growth and development. Cd stress could significantly induce the expression of miR156, and the expression pattern of NtSPL4a showed an obvious opposite trend to that of miR156, suggesting that miR156-NtSPL4a might mediate the tobacco response to Cd stress. This study lays a foundation for further study of NtSPL gene function and provides new insights into the involvement of the NtSPL genes in the plant response to heavy metal stress.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/genes14010183/s1: Figure S1: Tobacco Nta-miR156 multiple sequence alignment; Figure S2: Targeting relationship of Nta-miR156 and NtSPL; Figure S3: Heatmap of NtSPL gene family expression in different tissues of tobacco; Table S1: Tobacco NtSPL and Nta-miR156 primers; Table S2: Table of physicochemical properties of the NtSPL gene family in tobacco; Table S3: Detailed information of the cis-acting elements in the promoters of NtSPL.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, L.H. and W.L.; methodology, L.H., R.L. and X.P.; resources, W.L., R.L. and L.X.; software, L.H., X.P. and H.C.; data curation, L.H., X.P. and K.Y.; supervision, W.L.; validation, L.X. and F.Z.; visualization, L.H., X.P., H.C. and K.Y.; funding acquisition, W.L.; writing—original draft, L.H.; writing—review and editing, W.L., F.Z. and R.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (Grant No. KJZD-K202001504), State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Technology Innovation Program of Chongqing University of Science and Technology (Grant No. YKJCX2120517), and the National Undergraduate Training Programs for Innovation and Entrepreneurship of China (Grant No. 202211551011).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article and Supplementary Materials.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing professional or personal interests that might have influenced the presentation of the work described in this manuscript.

References

  1. Li, X.; Li, Y.; Zhu, X.; Gui, X.; Ma, C.; Peng, W.; Li, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, W.; Hua, D.; et al. Evaluation of the cadmium phytoextraction potential of tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum) and rhizosphere micro-characteristics under different cadmium levels. Chemosphere 2022, 286, 131714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Rehman, M.Z.U.; Rizwan, M.; Sohail, M.I.; Ali, S.; Waris, A.A.; Khalid, H.; Naeem, A.; Ahmad, H.R.; Rauf, A. Opportunities and challenges in the remediation of metal-contaminated soils by using tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.): A critical review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019, 26, 18053–18070. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Janaydeh, M.; Ismail, A.; Zulkifli, S.Z.; Omar, H. Toxic heavy metal (Pb and Cd) content in tobacco cigarette brands in selangor state, Peninsular Malaysia. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2019, 191, 637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Hendrick, D.J. Smoking, cadmium, and emphysema. Thorax 2004, 59, 184–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  5. Lee, J.-W.; Kim, Y.; Kim, Y.; Yoo, H.; Kang, H.-T. Cigarette Smoking in Men and Women and Electronic Cigarette Smoking in Men are Associated with Higher Risk of Elevated Cadmium Level in the Blood. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2020, 35, e15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Chen, X.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, D.; Zhang, K.; Li, A.; Mao, L. SQUAMOSA Promoter-Binding Protein-Like Transcription Factors: Star Players for Plant Growth and Development. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 2010, 52, 946–951. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Zhang, L.; He, G.; Li, Y.; Yang, Z.; Liu, T.; Xie, X.; Kong, X.; Sun, J. PIL transcription factors directly interact with SPLs and repress tillering/branching in plants. New Phytol. 2022, 233, 1414–1425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. He, Y.; Fu, X.; Li, L.; Sun, X.; Tang, K.; Zhao, J. AaSPL9 affects glandular trichomes initiation by positively regulating expression of AaHD1 in Artemisia annua L. Plant Sci. 2022, 317, 111172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Hyde, P.T.; Setter, T.L. Long-day photoperiod and cool temperature induce flowering in cassava: Expression of signaling genes. Front. Plant Sci. 2022, 13, 973206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. He, F.; Long, R.; Wei, C.; Zhang, Y.; Li, M.; Kang, J.; Yang, Q.; Wang, Z.; Chen, L. Genome-wide identification, phylogeny and expression analysis of the SPL gene family and its important role in salt stress in Medicago sativa L. BMC Plant Biol. 2022, 22, 295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Chao, L.-M.; Liu, Y.-Q.; Chen, D.-Y.; Xue, X.-Y.; Mao, Y.-B.; Chen, X.-Y. Arabidopsis transcription factors SPL1 and SPL12 confer plant thermotolerance at reproductive stage. Mol. Plant 2017, 10, 735–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Li, S.; Cheng, Z.; Li, Z.; Dong, S.; Yu, X.; Zhao, P.; Liao, W.; Yu, X.; Peng, M. MeSPL9 Attenuates Drought Resistance by Regulating JA Signaling and Protectant Metabolite Contents in Cassava. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2022, 135, 817–832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Zhao, J.; Shi, M.; Yu, J.; Guo, C. SPL9 mediates freezing tolerance by directly regulating the expression of CBF2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Plant Biol. 2022, 22, 59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Liu, H.; Wang, H.; Ma, Y.; Wang, H.; Shi, Y. Role of transpiration and metabolism in translocation and accumulation of cadmium in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Chemosphere 2016, 144, 1960–1965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Zhu, H.; Wang, J.; Jiang, D.; Hong, Y.; Xu, J.; Zheng, S.; Yang, J.; Chen, W. The miR157-SPL-CNR module acts upstream of bHLH101 to negatively regulate iron deficiency responses in tomato. JIPB 2022, 64, 1059–1075. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Mermod, M.; Takusagawa, M.; Kurata, T.; Kamiya, T.; Fujiwara, T.; Shikanai, T. SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like 7 mediates copper deficiency response in the presence of high nitrogen in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Rep. 2019, 38, 835–846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Garcia-Molina, A.; Xing, S.; Huijser, P. Functional characterisation of Arabidopsis SPL7 conserved protein domains suggests novel regulatory mechanisms in the Cu deficiency response. BMC Plant Biol. 2014, 14, 231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  18. Yue, E.; Rong, F.; Liu, Z.; Ruan, S.; Lu, T.; Qian, H. Cadmium induced a non-Coding RNA microRNA535 mediates Cd accumulation in rice. J. Environ. Sci. 2022, 130, 149–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Yu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, X.; Chen, Y. Plant Noncoding RNAs: Hidden Players in Development and Stress Responses. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2019, 35, 407–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Song, X.; Li, Y.; Cao, X.; Qi, Y. MicroRNAs and Their Regulatory Roles in Plant–Environment Interactions. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2019, 70, 489–525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Ding, Y.; Ding, L.; Xia, Y.; Wang, F.; Zhu, C. Emerging Roles of MicroRNAs in Plant Heavy Metal Tolerance and Homeostasis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2020, 68, 1958–1965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Liu, Y.; Liu, S.; Deng, Y.; You, C.; Zhang, W.; Zhou, J.; Chen, X.; Gao, L.; Tang, Y. Genome-Wide mRNA and small RNA transcriptome profiles uncover cultivar- and tissue-specific changes induced by cadmium in Brassica Parachinensis. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2020, 180, 104207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Zhang, L.; Ding, H.; Jiang, H.; Wang, H.; Chen, K.; Duan, J.; Feng, S.; Wu, G. Regulation of cadmium tolerance and accumulation by miR156 in Arabidopsis. Chemosphere 2020, 242, 125168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Teng, R.-M.; Wang, Y.-X.; Li, H.; Liu, H.; Wang, Y.; Zhuang, J. Identification and Expression Analysis of the SBP-box Gene Family Related to Abiotic Stress in Tea Plant (Camellia Sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 2022, 40, 148–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Ma, L.; Liu, X.; Liu, W.; Wen, H.; Zhang, Y.; Pang, Y.; Wang, X. Characterization of Squamosa-Promoter Binding Protein-Box Family Genes Reveals the Critical Role of MsSPL20 in Alfalfa Flowering Time Regulation. Front. Plant Sci. 2021, 12, 775690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Lai, D.; Fan, Y.; Xue, G.; He, A.; Yang, H.; He, C.; Li, Y.; Ruan, J.; Yan, J.; Cheng, J. Genome-wide identification and characterization of the SPL gene family and its expression in the various developmental stages and stress conditions in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). BMC Genom. 2022, 23, 389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. He, B.; Gao, S.; Lu, H.; Yan, J.; Li, C.; Ma, M.; Wang, X.; Chen, X.; Zhan, Y.; Zeng, F. Genome-wide analysis and molecular dissection of the SPL gene family in Fraxinus Mandshurica. BMC Plant Biol. 2022, 22, 451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Shao, F.; Lu, Q.; Wilson, I.W.; Qiu, D. Genome-wide identification and characterization of the SPL gene family in Ziziphus jujuba. Gene 2017, 627, 315–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Zhao, H.; Cao, H.; Zhang, M.; Deng, S.; Li, T.; Xing, S. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of SPL Family Genes in Chenopodium quinoa. Genes 2022, 13, 1455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Feng, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, N.; Zhang, X.; Wu, J.; Huang, Y.; Ruan, M.; Zhang, J.; Qi, Y. Systematic Identification, Evolution and Expression Analysis of the SPL Gene Family in Sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum). Trop. Plant Biol. 2021, 14, 313–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Chou, K.-C.; Shen, H.-B. Plant-MPLoc: A Top-Down Strategy to Augment the Power for Predicting Plant Protein Subcellular Localization. PLoS ONE 2010, 5, e11335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  32. Guo, Z.; Kuang, Z.; Zhao, Y.; Deng, Y.; He, H.; Wan, M.; Tao, Y.; Wang, D.; Wei, J.; Li, L.; et al. PmiREN2.0: From Data Annotation to Functional Exploration of Plant MicroRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 2022, 50, D1475–D1482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Crooks, G.E.; Hon, G.; Chandonia, J.-M.; Brenner, S.E. WebLogo: A Sequence Logo Generator. Genome Res. 2004, 14, 1188–1190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  34. Yang, Z.; Wang, X.; Gu, S.; Hu, Z.; Xu, H.; Xu, C. Comparative study of SBP-box gene family in Arabidopsis and rice. Gene 2008, 407, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Salinas, M.; Xing, S.; Höhmann, S.; Berndtgen, R.; Huijser, P. Genomic organization, phylogenetic comparison and differential expression of the SBP-box family of transcription factors in tomato. Planta 2012, 235, 1171–1184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Wang, H.; Lu, Z.; Xu, Y.; Kong, L.; Shi, J.; Liu, Y.; Fu, C.; Wang, X.; Wang, Z.-Y.; Zhou, C.; et al. Genome-Wide characterization of SPL family in Medicago truncatula reveals the novel roles of miR156/SPL module in spiky pod development. BMC Genom. 2019, 20, 552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Subramanian, B.; Gao, S.; Lercher, M.J.; Hu, S.; Chen, W.-H. Evolview v3: A Webserver for Visualization, Annotation, and Management of Phylogenetic Trees. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019, 47, W270–W275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Edgar, R.C. MUSCLE: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004, 32, 1792–1797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. Waterhouse, A.M.; Procter, J.B.; Martin, D.M.; Clamp, M.; Barton, G.J. Jalview Version 2—A Multiple Sequence Alignment Editor and Analysis Workbench. Bioinformatics 2009, 25, 1189–1191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  40. Bailey, T.L.; Johnson, J.; Grant, C.E.; Noble, W.S. The MEME Suite. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015, 43, W39–W49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  41. Hu, B.; Jin, J.; Guo, A.Y.; Zhang, H.; Luo, J.; Gao, G. GSDS 2.0: An Upgraded Gene Feature Visualization Server. Bioinformatics 2015, 31, 1296–1297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  42. Chen, C.; Chen, H.; Zhang, Y.; Thomas, H.R.; Frank, M.H.; He, Y.; Xia, R. TBtools: An Integrative Toolkit Developed for Interactive Analyses of Big Biological Data. Mol. Plant 2020, 13, 1194–1202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Lescot, M.; Déhais, P.; Thijs, G.; Marchal, K.; Moreau, Y.; Van de Peer, Y.; Rouzé, P.; Rombauts, S. PlantCARE, a Database of Plant Cis-Acting Regulatory Elements and a Portal to Tools for in Silico Analysis of Promoter Sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002, 30, 325–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Dai, X.; Zhuang, Z.; Zhao, P.X. PsRNATarget: A Plant Small RNA Target Analysis Server (2017 Release). Nucleic Acids Res. 2018, 46, W49–W54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  45. Shen, W.; Song, Z.; Zhong, X.; Huang, M.; Shen, D.; Gao, P.; Qian, X.; Wang, M.; He, X.; Wang, T.; et al. Sangerbox: A Comprehensive, Interaction-Friendly Clinical Bioinformatics Analysis Platform. iMeta 2022, 1, e36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Sierro, N.; Battey, J.N.D.; Ouadi, S.; Bakaher, N.; Bovet, L.; Willig, A.; Goepfert, S.; Peitsch, M.C.; Ivanov, N.V. The Tobacco Genome Sequence and Its Comparison with Those of Tomato and Potato. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 3833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  47. Bray, N.L.; Pimentel, H.; Melsted, P.; Pachter, L. Near-Optimal Probabilistic RNA-Seq Quantification. Nat. Biotechnol. 2016, 34, 525–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Huo, C.; He, L.; Yu, T.; Ji, X.; Li, R.; Zhu, S.; Zhang, F.; Xie, H.; Liu, W. The Superoxide Dismutase Gene Family in Nicotiana tabacum: Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, Expression Profiling and Functional Analysis in Response to Heavy Metal Stress. Front. Plant Sci. 2022, 13, 904105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Livak, K.J.; Schmittgen, T.D. Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT Method. Methods 2001, 25, 402–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Zhou, Q.; Shi, J.; Li, Z.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, J.; Bao, M.; Liu, G. MiR156/157 Targets SPLs to Regulate Flowering Transition, Plant Architecture and Flower Organ Size in Petunia. Plant. Cell Physiol. 2021, 62, 839–857. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Bao, A.; Chen, H.; Chen, L.; Chen, S.; Hao, Q.; Guo, W.; Qiu, D.; Shan, Z.; Yang, Z.; Yuan, S.; et al. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of GmSPL9 genes alters plant architecture in Soybean. BMC Plant Biol. 2019, 19, 131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  52. Zhang, Q.-Q.; Wang, J.-G.; Wang, L.-Y.; Wang, J.-F.; Wang, Q.; Yu, P.; Bai, M.-Y.; Fan, M. Gibberellin repression of axillary bud formation in Arabidopsis by modulation of DELLA-SPL9 complex activity. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 2020, 62, 421–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  53. Wang, Y.; Liu, W.; Wang, X.; Yang, R.; Wu, Z.; Wang, H.; Wang, L.; Hu, Z.; Guo, S.; Zhang, H.; et al. MiR156 regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis through SPL targets and other microRNAs in Poplar. Hortic. Res. 2020, 7, 118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Lv, Z.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Peng, B.; Zhang, L.; Tang, K.; Chen, W. The SPB-Box Transcription Factor AaSPL2 Positively Regulates Artemisinin Biosynthesis in Artemisia annua L. Front. Plant. Sci. 2019, 10, 409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  55. Kropat, J.; Tottey, S.; Birkenbihl, R.P.; Depège, N.; Huijser, P.; Merchant, S. A regulator of nutritional copper signaling in Chlamydomonas is an SBP domain protein that recognizes the GTAC core of copper response element. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 18730–18735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  56. Cui, L.-G.; Shan, J.-X.; Shi, M.; Gao, J.-P.; Lin, H.-X. The miR156-SPL9-DFR pathway coordinates the relationship between development and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Plant J. 2014, 80, 1108–1117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  57. Hou, H.; Li, J.; Gao, M.; Singer, S.D.; Wang, H.; Mao, L.; Fei, Z.; Wang, X. Genomic Organization, Phylogenetic Comparison and Differential Expression of the SBP-Box Family Genes in Grape. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e59358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  58. Shalom, L.; Shlizerman, L.; Zur, N.; Doron-Faigenboim, A.; Blumwald, E.; Sadka, A. Molecular characterization of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) gene family from Citrus and the effect of fruit load on their expression. Front. Plant Sci. 2015, 6, 389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  59. Eriksson, M.; Moseley, J.L.; Tottey, S.; del Campo, J.A.; Quinn, J.; Kim, Y.; Merchant, S. Genetic Dissection of Nutritional Copper Signaling in Chlamydomonas Distinguishes Regulatory and Target Genes. Genetics 2004, 168, 795–807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  60. Guo, A.-Y.; Zhu, Q.-H.; Gu, X.; Ge, S.; Yang, J.; Luo, J. Genome-wide identification and evolutionary analysis of the plant specific SBP-box transcription factor family. Gene 2008, 418, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Liu, M.; Sun, W.; Ma, Z.; Huang, L.; Wu, Q.; Tang, Z.; Bu, T.; Li, C.; Chen, H. Genome-wide identification of the SPL gene family in Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum Tataricum) and expression analysis during fruit development stages. BMC Plant Biol. 2019, 19, 299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  62. Li, J.; Hou, H.; Li, X.; Xiang, J.; Yin, X.; Gao, H.; Zheng, Y.; Bassett, C.L.; Wang, X. Genome-wide identification and analysis of the SBP-box family genes in apple (Malus × Domestica Borkh.). Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2013, 70, 100–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Mao, H.-D.; Yu, L.-J.; Li, Z.-J.; Yan, Y.; Han, R.; Liu, H.; Ma, M. Genome-wide analysis of the SPL family transcription factors and their responses to abiotic stresses in maize. Plant Gene 2016, 6, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  64. Yamasaki, H.; Hayashi, M.; Fukazawa, M.; Kobayashi, Y.; Shikanai, T. SQUAMOSA Promoter Binding Protein–Like7 Is a Central Regulator for Copper Homeostasis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2009, 21, 347–361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  65. Gielen, H.; Remans, T.; Vangronsveld, J.; Cuypers, A. Toxicity responses of Cu and Cd: The involvement of miRNAs and the transcription factor SPL7. BMC Plant Biol. 2016, 16, 145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  66. Chuck, G.; Whipple, C.; Jackson, D.; Hake, S. The maize SBP-box transcription factor encoded by tasselsheath4 regulates bract development and the establishment of meristem boundaries. Development 2010, 137, 1243–1250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  67. Wang, P.; Chen, D.; Zheng, Y.; Jin, S.; Yang, J.; Ye, N. Identification and expression analyses of SBP-Box Genes Reveal Their Involvement in Abiotic Stress and Hormone Response in Tea Plant (Camellia Sinensis). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 3404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  68. Dong, H.; Yan, S.; Jing, Y.; Yang, R.; Zhang, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Sun, J. MIR156-Targeted SPL9 Is Phosphorylated by SnRK2s and Interacts With ABI5 to Enhance ABA Responses in Arabidopsis. Front. Plant Sci. 2021, 12, 70853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Lambertz, C.; Hemschemeier, A.; Happe, T. Anaerobic Expression of the Ferredoxin-Encoding FDX5 Gene of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Is Regulated by the Crr1 Transcription Factor. Eukaryot. Cell 2010, 9, 1747–1754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  70. Wang, C.; Wang, Q.; Zhu, X.; Cui, M.; Jia, H.; Zhang, W.; Tang, W.; Leng, X.; Shen, W. Characterization on the Conservation and Diversification of MiRNA156 Gene Family from Lower to Higher Plant Species Based on Phylogenetic Analysis at the Whole Genomic Level. Funct. Integr. Genom. 2019, 19, 933–952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  71. Tripathi, R.K.; Bregitzer, P.; Singh, J. Genome-Wide Analysis of the SPL/MiR156 Module and its interaction with the AP2/miR172 unit in barley. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 7085. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  72. Li, X.-Y.; Lin, E.-P.; Huang, H.-H.; Niu, M.-Y.; Tong, Z.-K.; Zhang, J.-H. Molecular Characterization of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) Gene Family in Betula luminifera. Front. Plant Sci. 2018, 9, 608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Genes 14 00183 g001 550
Figure 1. Phylogenetic analysis of SPL proteins from Arabidopsis, M. truncatula, Solanum lycopersicum, and Nicotiana tabacum. The maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was constructed using full-length SPL protein sequences in MEGA 11. AtSPL is represented by green triangles, MtSPL by blue squares, SlySPL by purple circles, and NtSPL by red stars.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic analysis of SPL proteins from Arabidopsis, M. truncatula, Solanum lycopersicum, and Nicotiana tabacum. The maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was constructed using full-length SPL protein sequences in MEGA 11. AtSPL is represented by green triangles, MtSPL by blue squares, SlySPL by purple circles, and NtSPL by red stars.
Genes 14 00183 g001
Genes 14 00183 g002 550
Figure 2. Multiple sequence alignment of SBP structural domains of the NtSPL gene family. (a) Multiple alignments of SBP structural domains of NtSPL proteins using Jalview software showing two conserved zinc finger structures (Zn-1, Zn-2) and an NLS. (b) Motif logo and protein sequence of the SBP domain and NLS segment, and the height of letters in each pair stack represents the relative frequency of the corresponding amino acids.
Figure 2. Multiple sequence alignment of SBP structural domains of the NtSPL gene family. (a) Multiple alignments of SBP structural domains of NtSPL proteins using Jalview software showing two conserved zinc finger structures (Zn-1, Zn-2) and an NLS. (b) Motif logo and protein sequence of the SBP domain and NLS segment, and the height of letters in each pair stack represents the relative frequency of the corresponding amino acids.
Genes 14 00183 g002
Genes 14 00183 g003 550
Figure 3. Conserved motifs and gene structures of the NtSPL gene family. (a) The maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of 42 NtSPL proteins was constructed using MEGA 11; (b) Distribution of conserved motifs in NtSPL proteins. Different motifs are represented by the different colored boxes; (c) Exon-intron structure of the NtSPL gene. Lines represent introns, blue boxes represent UTRs, and red boxes represent exons.
Figure 3. Conserved motifs and gene structures of the NtSPL gene family. (a) The maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of 42 NtSPL proteins was constructed using MEGA 11; (b) Distribution of conserved motifs in NtSPL proteins. Different motifs are represented by the different colored boxes; (c) Exon-intron structure of the NtSPL gene. Lines represent introns, blue boxes represent UTRs, and red boxes represent exons.
Genes 14 00183 g003
Genes 14 00183 g004 550
Figure 4. Cis-acting elements of the NtSPL gene family. (a) The maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of 42 NtSPL proteins was constructed using MEGA 11; (b) Frequencies of NtSPL cis-acting elements are indicated by numbers and shaded in different colors; (c) Distribution of NtSPL cis-acting elements on promoters.
Figure 4. Cis-acting elements of the NtSPL gene family. (a) The maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of 42 NtSPL proteins was constructed using MEGA 11; (b) Frequencies of NtSPL cis-acting elements are indicated by numbers and shaded in different colors; (c) Distribution of NtSPL cis-acting elements on promoters.
Genes 14 00183 g004
Genes 14 00183 g005 550
Figure 5. Target gene prediction for tobacco Nta-miR156. (a) Venn diagram of the Nta-miR156 targeting relationships for the five groups. (b) Sankey diagram of the distribution of the five groups of Nta-miR156 with NtSPL target genes. (c) Target binding relationship between Nta-miR156 and NtSPL. The upper sequence pattern is the sequence Logo of 20 Nta-miR156 mature sequences, and the lower sequence pattern is the sequence Logo of NtSPL target genes with Nta-miR156 targeting regions. The solid line in the middle indicates a highly conserved base linkage in both patterns, while the dashed line indicates slightly less conserved base linkage.
Figure 5. Target gene prediction for tobacco Nta-miR156. (a) Venn diagram of the Nta-miR156 targeting relationships for the five groups. (b) Sankey diagram of the distribution of the five groups of Nta-miR156 with NtSPL target genes. (c) Target binding relationship between Nta-miR156 and NtSPL. The upper sequence pattern is the sequence Logo of 20 Nta-miR156 mature sequences, and the lower sequence pattern is the sequence Logo of NtSPL target genes with Nta-miR156 targeting regions. The solid line in the middle indicates a highly conserved base linkage in both patterns, while the dashed line indicates slightly less conserved base linkage.
Genes 14 00183 g005
Genes 14 00183 g006 550
Figure 6. The relative expression levels of NtSPL genes in different tobacco tissues. The expression data were obtained from the real-time RT-PCR (qPCR) analysis and are shown as log2 values calculated as averages. The expression level of NtSPL in the root is defined as 1 (log2 = 0). Data are presented as the means ± SD of three replicates. High expression levels are shown in red, and lower expression levels are shown in blue.
Figure 6. The relative expression levels of NtSPL genes in different tobacco tissues. The expression data were obtained from the real-time RT-PCR (qPCR) analysis and are shown as log2 values calculated as averages. The expression level of NtSPL in the root is defined as 1 (log2 = 0). Data are presented as the means ± SD of three replicates. High expression levels are shown in red, and lower expression levels are shown in blue.
Genes 14 00183 g006
Genes 14 00183 g007 550
Figure 7. Relative expression levels of Nta-miR156 and NtSPL gene family in tobacco Roots and Leaves under Cd stress. Data are presented as the means ± SD of three replicates.
Figure 7. Relative expression levels of Nta-miR156 and NtSPL gene family in tobacco Roots and Leaves under Cd stress. Data are presented as the means ± SD of three replicates.
Genes 14 00183 g007
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

He, L.; Peng, X.; Cao, H.; Yang, K.; Xiang, L.; Li, R.; Zhang, F.; Liu, W. The NtSPL Gene Family in Nicotiana tabacum: Genome-Wide Investigation and Expression Analysis in Response to Cadmium Stress. Genes 2023, 14, 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14010183

AMA Style

He L, Peng X, Cao H, Yang K, Xiang L, Li R, Zhang F, Liu W. The NtSPL Gene Family in Nicotiana tabacum: Genome-Wide Investigation and Expression Analysis in Response to Cadmium Stress. Genes. 2023; 14(1):183. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14010183

Chicago/Turabian Style

He, Linshen, Xiang Peng, Hanping Cao, Kunjian Yang, Lien Xiang, Rui Li, Fangyuan Zhang, and Wanhong Liu. 2023. "The NtSPL Gene Family in Nicotiana tabacum: Genome-Wide Investigation and Expression Analysis in Response to Cadmium Stress" Genes 14, no. 1: 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14010183

APA Style

He, L., Peng, X., Cao, H., Yang, K., Xiang, L., Li, R., Zhang, F., & Liu, W. (2023). The NtSPL Gene Family in Nicotiana tabacum: Genome-Wide Investigation and Expression Analysis in Response to Cadmium Stress. Genes, 14(1), 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14010183

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop