Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Pharmacy Students towards Pharmacogenomics and Genetics: An Observational Study from King Saud University
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Settings
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Study Subjects
3.2. Assessment of Knowledge of Pharmacogenomics in Study Subjects
3.3. Association of Pharmacogenomics Knowledge with Demographic and Academic Characteristics
3.4. Attitude, Perception, and Thoughts of Study Subjects about Pharmacogenomics and Genomic Medicine
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n (%) |
---|---|
Gender | |
Male | 164(29.7) |
Female | 388(70.3) |
Age group | |
<18 | 11(2.0) |
18–25 | 516(93.5) |
26–30 | 20(3.6) |
31–35 | 2(0.4) |
>36 | 3(0.5) |
Pharmacy year | |
First | 83(15.0) |
Second | 98(17.8) |
Third | 88(15.9) |
Fourth | 72(13.0) |
Fifth | 82(14.9) |
Final | 129(23.4) |
Nationality | |
Saudi | 535(96.9) |
Non Saudi | 17(3.1) |
Parents work in health care setting | |
Yes | 104(18.8) |
No | 448(81.2) |
Coursework related to Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacogenetics | |
Yes | 175(31.7) |
No | 377(68.3) |
Questions | Correct Answer n (%) | Vague Answer n (%) |
---|---|---|
Definition of pharmacogenomics | 231(41.8) | 321(57.8) |
Humans have 48 chromosomes | 298(54.0) | 254(46) |
Adverse reactions can be caused by genetic changes | 449(81.3) | 103(18.7) |
FDA recommends pharmacogenomics testing for certain drugs | 321(58.2) | 231(41.8) |
Certain drugs can be affected by genetic changes in the patient | 432(78.3) | 120(21.7)) |
Several environmental factors can affect gene expression, including tobacco smoke | 345(62.5) | 207(37.5) |
Which year PGx has been used in clinical settings? | 84(15.2) | 468(84.8) |
Which of the following groups was established to create peer-reviewed, evidence-based clinical guidelines for specific gene-drug pairs | 184(33.3) | 386(66.7) |
Level of Knowledge | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Score (SD) | Low n (%) | Moderate n (%) | High n (%) | p Value | |
Total | 4.2(1.6) | 153(27.7) | 361(65.4) | 27(4.9) | |
Gender | 0.011 | ||||
Male | 4.5(1.5) * | 31(19.4) | 119(74.4) | 10(6.3) | |
Female | 4.1(1.5) | 122(32.0) | 242(63.5) | 17(4.5) | |
Age group | 0.0624 | ||||
<18 | 3.5(2.1) | 6(54.5) | 4(36.4) | 1(9.1) | |
18–25 | 4.3(1.6) | 140(27.7) | 341(67.4) | 25(4.9) | |
26–30 | 4.5(1.8) | 5(26.3) | 13(68.4) | 1(5.3) | |
31–35 | 3.0(1.4) | 1(50) | 1(50) | -- | |
>36 | 4.3(2.0) | 1(33.3) | 2(66.7) | -- | |
Pharmacy year | 0.013 | ||||
First | 3.7(1.7) * | 31(38.8) | 47(58.8) | 2(2.5) | |
Second | 4.0(1.6) | 36(37.5) | 56(58.3) | 4(4.2) | |
Third | 3.9(1.6) | 26(31.0) | 55(65.5) | 3(3.6) | |
Fourth | 4.3(1.5) | 21(29.2) | 48(66.7) | 3(4.2) | |
Fifth | 4.5(1.4) | 20(24.4) | 57(69.5) | 5(6.1) | |
Final | 4.8(1.4) | 19(15.0) | 98(77.2) | 10(7.9) | |
Education degree | 0.931 | ||||
Bachelors | 4.2(1.6) | 107(28.2) | 255(67.1) | 18(4.7) | |
Pharm D | 4.3(1.6) | 46(28.6) | 106(65.8) | 9(5.6) | |
Parents work in health care setting | 0.088 | ||||
Yes | 3.9((1.7) * | 37(37.4) | 58(58.6) | 4(4.0) | |
No | 4.3(1.5) | 116(26.2) | 303(68.6) | 23(5.2) | |
Course related to Pharmacogenomics and genetics | 0.018 | ||||
Yes | 4.6(1.5) * | 35(20.5) | 125(73.1) | 11(6.4) | |
No | 4.1(1.6) | 118(31.9) | 236(63.8) | 16(4.3) | |
Nationality | 1.0 | ||||
Saudi | 4.3(1.6) | 149(28.3) | 351(66.7) | 26(4.9) | |
Non-Saudi | 3.8(2.1) | 4(26.7) | 10(66.7) | 1(6.7) |
Questions | Agree n (%) | Neutral n (%) | Disagree n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
In the future, I might consider a genetic test to determine my risk of developing certain genetic diseases | 332 | 52 | 178 |
(58.3) | (9.4) | (32.2) | |
I am only interested in knowing my susceptibility to diseases that have current interventions for protection | 291 | 59 | 202 |
(52.7) | (10.7) | (36.6) | |
When facing a cancer diagnosis, I would consider genetic testing as a means to choose a cancer treatment with fewer side effects | 385 | 77 | 90 |
(69.7) | (13.9) | (16.3) | |
If my family has a history of diabetes, I would consider having my genes analyzed so that I can choose a treatment with minimal adverse effects | 323 | 69 | 160 |
(58.5) | (12.5) | (29.0) | |
My physician should explain my genome report to me | 358 | 144 | 50 |
(64.9) | (26.1) | (9.1) | |
My pharmacist should explain my genome report to me | 326 | 170 | 56 |
(59.1) | (30.8) | (10.1) | |
I am interested in attending a genetics (PGX) course or seminar | 338 | 163 | 51 |
(61.2) | (29.5) | (9.2) | |
Interested in having my genetics collected by a biobank | 443 | - | 109 |
(80.3) | - | (19.7) | |
I am interested in participating in genetic research | 310 | 171 | 71 |
(56.2) | (31.0) | (12.9) |
Questions | Agree n (%) | Neutral n (%) | Disagree n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Insurance companies and future employers are unable to perform genetic tests | 222(40.2) | 260 (47.1) | 70(12.7) |
My family has a history of serious genetic diseases, so I am glad that genetic tests are available to help people determine if they are at risk | 409(74.1) | 109(19.7) | 34(6.2) |
Genetic tests can now be ordered online, which is great | 304(55.1) | 168(30.4) | 80(14.5) |
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Arafah, A.; Rehman, M.U.; Syed, W.; Babelghaith, S.D.; Alwhaibi, A.; Al Arifi, M.N. Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Pharmacy Students towards Pharmacogenomics and Genetics: An Observational Study from King Saud University. Genes 2022, 13, 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13020269
Arafah A, Rehman MU, Syed W, Babelghaith SD, Alwhaibi A, Al Arifi MN. Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Pharmacy Students towards Pharmacogenomics and Genetics: An Observational Study from King Saud University. Genes. 2022; 13(2):269. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13020269
Chicago/Turabian StyleArafah, Azher, Muneeb U. Rehman, Wajid Syed, Salmeen D. Babelghaith, Abdulrahman Alwhaibi, and Mohamed N. Al Arifi. 2022. "Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Pharmacy Students towards Pharmacogenomics and Genetics: An Observational Study from King Saud University" Genes 13, no. 2: 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13020269
APA StyleArafah, A., Rehman, M. U., Syed, W., Babelghaith, S. D., Alwhaibi, A., & Al Arifi, M. N. (2022). Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Pharmacy Students towards Pharmacogenomics and Genetics: An Observational Study from King Saud University. Genes, 13(2), 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13020269