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Volume 16
Issue 23
10.3390/polym16233305
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Article

Study on Impact of Monomers Towards High Molecular Weight Bio-Based Poly(ethylene Furanoate) via Solid State Polymerization Technique

by
Johan Stanley
1,
Eleftheria Xanthopoulou
1,
Margaritis Kostoglou
2,
Lidija Fras Zemljič
3,
Dimitra A. Lambropoulou
4,5 and
Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
1,*
1
Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Colors, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
2
Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
3
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
4
Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
5
Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, GR-570 01 Thessaloniki, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2024, 16(23), 3305; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233305
Submission received: 14 November 2024 / Revised: 21 November 2024 / Accepted: 25 November 2024 / Published: 26 November 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Polymeric Materials, 3rd Edition)
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Abstract

In recent years, bio-based poly(ethylene furanoate) has gained the attention of packaging industries owing to its remarkable properties as a promising alternative to fossil-based polymers. It is necessary to synthesize high-molecular-weight polymers using effective and straightforward techniques for their commercialization. In this present work, poly(ethylene 2,5-furan dicarboxylate) (PEF) was produced with a high molecular weight of 0.43 dL/g using 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) or its derivative Dimethyl-2,5-Furan dicarboxylate (DMFD), followed by solid-state polymerization (SSP) conducted at different temperatures and reaction times. The intrinsic viscosity ([η]), carboxyl end-group concentration (–COOH), and thermal properties of the produced polyesters were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results indicated that the SSP process improved the melting temperature and crystallinity of both the PEF samples as the reaction times and temperatures increased, as corroborated by DSC and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Additionally, both intrinsic viscosity and number-average molecular weight saw an increase with longer SSP durations and higher temperatures, while the concentration of carboxyl end groups decreased, aligning with expectations. The overall results indicate that PEF (DMFD) samples exhibited a significant increase in crystallization and molecular weight, attributed to their lower degree of crystallinity and their monomer’s high purity.
Keywords: bio-based polymers; 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid; Dimethyl 2,5-furan dicarboxylate; poly(ethylene 2,5-furan dicarboxylate); poly(ethylene furanoate); solid state polymerization; thermal properties bio-based polymers; 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid; Dimethyl 2,5-furan dicarboxylate; poly(ethylene 2,5-furan dicarboxylate); poly(ethylene furanoate); solid state polymerization; thermal properties

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MDPI and ACS Style

Stanley, J.; Xanthopoulou, E.; Kostoglou, M.; Fras Zemljič, L.; Lambropoulou, D.A.; Bikiaris, D.N. Study on Impact of Monomers Towards High Molecular Weight Bio-Based Poly(ethylene Furanoate) via Solid State Polymerization Technique. Polymers 2024, 16, 3305. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233305

AMA Style

Stanley J, Xanthopoulou E, Kostoglou M, Fras Zemljič L, Lambropoulou DA, Bikiaris DN. Study on Impact of Monomers Towards High Molecular Weight Bio-Based Poly(ethylene Furanoate) via Solid State Polymerization Technique. Polymers. 2024; 16(23):3305. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233305

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stanley, Johan, Eleftheria Xanthopoulou, Margaritis Kostoglou, Lidija Fras Zemljič, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou, and Dimitrios N. Bikiaris. 2024. "Study on Impact of Monomers Towards High Molecular Weight Bio-Based Poly(ethylene Furanoate) via Solid State Polymerization Technique" Polymers 16, no. 23: 3305. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233305

APA Style

Stanley, J., Xanthopoulou, E., Kostoglou, M., Fras Zemljič, L., Lambropoulou, D. A., & Bikiaris, D. N. (2024). Study on Impact of Monomers Towards High Molecular Weight Bio-Based Poly(ethylene Furanoate) via Solid State Polymerization Technique. Polymers, 16(23), 3305. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233305

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