Structural and Physical Properties of Alginate Pretreated by High-Pressure Homogenization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Reagents
2.2. Extraction Process
- L. japonica was soaked in fresh water for 4 h and washed three times with distilled water to remove impurities. The plant material was then dried and ground into a powder.
- A solution of L. japonica was prepared by soaking 2.0 g of the plant material in 200 mL of pure water for 1 h. The L. japonica solution was then subjected to different pretreatment methods, including HPH, UAE, CE, and CE–UC.
- After adding 30 mL of a 2% (w/v) Na2CO3 and EDTA (with or without) solution, the homogenate was incubated at 50 °C for 3 h. The mixture was then centrifuged, and the supernatant was adjusted to the desired pH using 1 M HCl.
- Following this, 20 mL of 10% (w/v) calcium chloride was added and the mixture was allowed to stand. The resulting precipitate was then filtered and washed twice with distilled water to obtain a yellow–white gelatinous precipitate.
- The precipitate was dissolved in 20 mL 15% (w/v) sodium chloride solution for ion exchange. The solution was then filtrated using medical gauze. Subsequently, 100 mL of anhydrous ethanol was added to induce precipitation. The resulting white flocculent precipitates were obtained through filtration.
- The precipitates were collected and frozen at −80 °C for 12 h, followed by freeze-drying for 8 h using a vacuum freeze dryer. The dried precipitates were then crushed to obtain crude sodium alginate.
2.2.1. Extraction Process of the CE Method
- Of the L. japonica powder with a 100-mesh size, 2.00 g was taken and tap water was added in a 1:50 ratio to obtain a total volume of 100 mL.
- The pH value was adjusted to 6 and 3% (w/v) cellulase of the L. japonica powder, 3% (w/v) pectinase, and 1% (w/v) papain were added. The mixture was stirred well and transferred to a 50 °C water bath for 3 h. After the reaction, the enzyme solution was inactivated by boiling in water for 15 min.
- Of a 2% (w/v) sodium carbonate solution, 24 mL was added and the mixture digested in a 50 °C water bath for 3 h. The digested solution was centrifuged at 8500 r/min for 10 min and the supernatant removed. The pH of the supernatant was adjusted to 6. The subsequent operations were continued as described in Section 2.2 from step (4) to step (6).
2.2.2. Extraction Process of the UAE Method
- Of the L. japonica powder with a 100-mesh size, 2.00 g was taken and stirred into tap water at a material-to-liquid ratio of 1:50.
- An ultrasonic cell crusher was used to break the samples for 10 min with the following conditions: 350 W of output power, a temperature of 30 °C, and a working time and interval of 2 s.
- A 2% (w/v) sodium carbonate solution was added (24 mL) and digested in a water bath at 50 °C for 3 h. After digestion, the enzymolysis solution was centrifuged at 8500 r/min for 10 min. The supernatant was collected and its pH adjusted to 6. The subsequent operations were the same as in Section 2.2, from (4)–(6).
2.2.3. Extraction Process of the CE–UC Method
- Of the 100-mesh size L. japonica powder, 2.00 g was taken and stirred into tap water at a material-to-liquid ratio of 1:50. The samples were then subjected to ultrasonic cell crushing for 10 min using a 350 W power, 30 °C temperature, and 2 s working time and intervals.
- The pH value was adjusted to 6, and L. japonica powder with 3% (w/v) cellulase, 3% (w/v) pectinase, and 1% (w/v) papain were added. The mixture was stirred well and placed in a 50 °C constant temperature water bath for enzymolysis for 3 h. After the enzymolysis reaction, the enzyme solution was inactivated by boiling and heating for 15 min.
- Of the L. japonica powder in a 2% (w/v) sodium carbonate solution, 24 mL was added and digested in a 50 °C water bath for 3 h. After digestion, the enzymolysis solution was centrifuged at 8500 r/min for 10 min, and the supernatant was collected and adjusted to pH 6. Subsequent operations were the same as in Section 2.2, steps (4)–(6).
2.2.4. Single-Factor Experiment of the HPH Method
2.3. Characterization of Sodium Alginate
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Optimization of Single-Factor Extraction Conditions for the HPH Extraction
3.2. Compared Yield with That of Other Extraction Methods
3.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
3.4. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrum Analysis
3.5. Raman Microscope Spectrometer (MRS) Analysis
3.6. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis
3.7. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
3.8. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) Analysis
3.9. Total Antioxidant Capacity Assay (T-AOC)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Species | Method | Optimal Extraction Conditions | Yield (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Laminaria japonica | HPH method | 100 MPa HPH pressure, 4 cycle times, a pH of 6.0, a 0.5% concentration (w/v) of EDTA, and a digestion time of 3.0 h. | 34% | This study |
Laminaria japonica | CE method | 3% cellulase of L. japonica powder, 3% pectinase, and 1% papain. | 31.3% | This study |
Laminaria japonica | UAE method | 350 W power, 30 °C temperature, and 2 s working time and intervals. | 30.2% | This study |
Laminaria japonica | CE–UC method | 3% cellulase, 3% pectinase, and 1% papain; and 350 W power, 30 °C temperature, and 2 s working time and intervals. | 33% | This study |
Laminaria japonica | Ultrasonic complex enzymatic hydrolysis method | Cellulase concentration 0.3 g, pectinase concentration 0.3 g, papain concentration 0.1 g, enzymolysis pH = 4, enzymolysis temperature 55 °C, ultrasonic power 250 W. | 21.53 ± 0.12% | [29] |
Laminaria japonica | Enzyme–Ultrasonic combined method | Enzyme (cellulose and protease add content) 8% (w/v), pH 4, temperature 50 °C, ultrasonic power 160 W, enzyme solution time 3.5 h. | 23.1% | [30] |
Nizimuddinia zanardini | Microwave-assisted extraction | Temperature of 67 °C, microwave power of 400 W, and solvent/biomass ratio of 29 mL/g after 19 min. | 31.39% | [43] |
Sargassum | Alkaline extraction | 12.63 mL of 3.75% (w/v) Na2CO3 for 6 h at 80 °C | 20.76 ± 0.73% | [44] |
FG | FM | FGG | FMM | FGM = FMG | FGGG | FMGM | FGGM = FMGG | M/G Ratio | NG | NM | DPn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.33 | 0.67 | 0.13 | 0.47 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 2.03 | 1.65 | 3.35 | 14.72 |
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Zhang, X.; Chen, J.; Shao, X.; Li, H.; Jiang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, D. Structural and Physical Properties of Alginate Pretreated by High-Pressure Homogenization. Polymers 2023, 15, 3225. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15153225
Zhang X, Chen J, Shao X, Li H, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Yang D. Structural and Physical Properties of Alginate Pretreated by High-Pressure Homogenization. Polymers. 2023; 15(15):3225. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15153225
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xiu, Jianrong Chen, Xuezhi Shao, Hongliang Li, Yongqiang Jiang, Yunkai Zhang, and Dengfeng Yang. 2023. "Structural and Physical Properties of Alginate Pretreated by High-Pressure Homogenization" Polymers 15, no. 15: 3225. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15153225
APA StyleZhang, X., Chen, J., Shao, X., Li, H., Jiang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Yang, D. (2023). Structural and Physical Properties of Alginate Pretreated by High-Pressure Homogenization. Polymers, 15(15), 3225. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15153225