Effects of the Temperature–Time Regime of Curing of Composite Patch on Repair Process Efficiency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Theoretical Background
- Thermal and shrinkage stresses are caused by corresponding increase in the temperature and shrinkage
- Elastic modulus of the binder is taken to be constant and equal to
- The binder linear thermal expansion coefficient is taken to be constant and equal to
- Curing process parameters;
- Repair process parameters.
- Curing temperature ;
- Heating rate ;
- Conditions for the structure fixation in the repair process;
- Heating method.
- Pictures of stress distribution in the panel and patch at the stage of temperature holding and after cooling of the structure (Figure 5);
- Diagrams of maximum stresses in the structure during moulding at different temperatures (Figure 6);
- Diagrams of maximum stresses in the structure during moulding at different heating rates (Figure 7).
4. Experimental Research
- Sensors were located directly in the centre of the aluminium plate and patch, where the deformation field is the most uniform one;
- During processing of analytical results, averaged deformations were calculated as follows:
- Distributed load of 0.0008 MPa equivalent to the action of 11.5 kg load on the patch;
- Temperature change in the curing process;
- Binder shrinkage.
5. Discussion
- In order to ensure the minimum downtime of the structure, and taking into account high complexity of dismantling operations, at the first stage the repair without preliminary dismantling is chosen.
- Taking into account the limitations related to the quality of surface being repaired, the method of the repair patch installation is chosen.
- The choice of materials to be used for repairs should, first of all, be guided by their physico-mechanical characteristics, availability and abundance. Much attention is also paid to the optimal combination of the mechanical and strength characteristics of the structure being repaired, the patch and adhesive used.
- With the use of the current methods, geometric parameters of the repair patch, which ensure the restoration of initial bearing capacity of the structure, are determined.
- For the resulting repair patch geometry, parameters of the curing mode giving rise to occurrence of the minimum residual technological stresses are defined with the use of the developed model. At this time, control of the current stresses in the structure under repair to prevent the failure of adhesive joint at the stage of repair is mandatory.
- The impact of residual technological stresses on the bearing capacity of the repaired structure under the action of operational loads is assessed. If the total value of operational and technological stresses exceeds the permissible level, the following steps to adjust the repair patch geometric parameters are taken:
- If the presence of the residual technological stresses leads to the failure of adhesive layer, plan dimensions of the patch should be increased and/or bevelling of edges is used to reduce the operational shear stresses;
- When the bearing capacity of the structure under repair decreases in general, thickness of the repair patch should be increased. It contributes to the redistribution of stresses and the reduction of the load perceived by the panel. In this case, it can also be necessary to increase plan dimensions of the patch to satisfy the conditions of adhesive layer strength;
- Similar actions are to be taken in case of the violation of the conditions of repair patch strength as well.
- As evidenced in practice, there is no need to repeatedly optimize the curing mode in case of slight adjustment of the repair patch dimensions. Therefore, residual technological stresses occurring in the structure with the adjusted geometry during moulding are determined in accordance with parameters of p. 5, and their acceptability is assessed.
- The sequence of actions described in p. 4–7 should be followed until the set of parameters of the repair process is determined (repair patch geometry + curing mode), which allows for satisfying a condition of restoration of the structure bearing capacity. If no such parameters are found during the search, it is necessary to:
- Return to p. 3 and choose the materials (adhesive and/or PCM) with the higher strength characteristics, and then continue to search for parameters according to the described algorithm;
- When the other materials are not available, or the condition of restoration of the bearing capacity still cannot be satisfied with the use of such materials, it is possible to choose the repair of dismantled panel, i.e., to return to p. 1. However, it is important to note that it is the least effective method in terms of labour costs and time required;
- If in the course of repair of the dismantled panel the bearing capacity fails to reach the specified value, the repair is considered inexpedient, and the damaged structure is replaced by a new one.
6. Conclusions and Further Research
- Take into account the shrinkage, change in physico-mechanical characteristics and rheological processes occurring in the binder during the moulding process;
- Determine the stresses in the structure being repaired at any time, which allows avoiding premature failure of the adhesive joint at the repair stage;
- Take into consideration the impact of the conditions of repair works.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Initial Components | Binder EA9396 | Carbon Fibre | |
---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | |||
Elastic modulus, MPa | 2750 | 290,000 | |
Poisson’s ratio | 0.35 | 0.07 | |
Linear thermal expansion coefficient α·10−6, 1/C | 85 at T ≤ 65 °C 75 at 65 °C < T ≤ 95 °C 70 at 95 °C < T ≤ 105 °C 65 at 105 °C < T ≤ 125 °C 50 at T > 125 °C | −0.64 | |
Volumetric content in PCM | 0.45 | 0.55 |
Number of Regime | Heating Rate V, °C/min | Curing Temperature Tc, °C | Curing Time tc, °min | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | – | 25 | 7200 | Standard mode recommended by the manufacturer [49] |
2 | 1 | 90 | 60 | Mode No.1 + additional heat treatment |
3 | 1 | 66 | 60 | Accelerated mode, recommended by the manufacturer |
4 | 1 | 70 | 60 | – |
5 | 1 | 90 | 60 | – |
6 | 1 | 120 | 60 | – |
7 | 1 | 150 | – | – |
8 | 0.5 | 90 | 60 | – |
9 | 3 | 90 | 60 | – |
10 | 5 | 90 | 60 | – |
Number | Curing Mode |
---|---|
1 | Holding at T = 28 °C (1 h); heating to T = 70 °C at the rate of 1 °C/min; |
holding at T = 70 °C (1 h); atmospheric cooling | |
2 | Holding at T = 28 °C (1 h); heating to T = 90 °C at the rate of 1 °C/min; |
holding at T = 90 °C (1 h); atmospheric cooling | |
3 | Holding at T = 28 °C (1 h); heating to T = 150 °C at the rate of 1 °C/min; |
atmospheric cooling | |
4 | Holding at T = 28 °C (1 h); heating to T = 90 °C at the rate of 3 °C/min; |
holding at T = 90 °C (1 h); atmospheric cooling |
Point | Deformations in Carbon Fibre Composite Patch | Deformations in Aluminium Panel | Shear Deformation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exp. | Analytical | Error, % | Exp. | Analytical | Error, % | Analytical | |
Curing mode 1 | |||||||
C | −1.69 × 10−4 | −1.60 × 10−4 | 5.79% | 3.59 × 10−4 | 3.43 × 10−4 | 4.70% | 5.31 × 10−5 |
D | 5.05 × 10−5 | 1.89 × 10−4 | — | −7.55 × 10−4 | −8.53 × 10−4 | 12.29% | −6.21 × 10−5 |
Curing mode 2 | |||||||
C | −3.06 × 10−4 | −2.85 × 10−4 | 7.07% | 8.11 × 10−4 | 7.78 × 10−4 | 4.12% | 1.10 × 10−4 |
D | 2.63 × 10−5 | 1.61 × 10−4 | — | −7.19 × 10−4 | −8.21 × 10−4 | 13.35% | −5.47 × 10−5 |
Curing mode 3–Failure of adhesive joint | |||||||
C | −6.56 × 10−4 | −6.01 × 10−4 | 8.82% | 1.59 × 10−3 | 1.90 × 10−3 | 17.78% | 2.40 × 10−4 |
D | −2.41 × 10−3 | 1.31 × 10−4 | — | −6.35 × 10−4 | −8.79 × 10−4 | — | −4.57 × 10−5 |
Curing mode 4 | |||||||
C | −3.46 × 10−4 | −2.49 × 10−4 | 32.48% | 7.27 × 10−4 | 5.24 × 10−4 | 32.35% | 7.92 × 10−5 |
D | 4.41 × 10−5 | 1.99 × 10−4 | — | −7.30 × 10−4 | −1.09 × 10−3 | 39.43% | −8.71 × 10−5 |
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Kondratiev, A.; Píštěk, V.; Smovziuk, L.; Shevtsova, M.; Fomina, A.; Kučera, P.; Prokop, A. Effects of the Temperature–Time Regime of Curing of Composite Patch on Repair Process Efficiency. Polymers 2021, 13, 4342. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13244342
Kondratiev A, Píštěk V, Smovziuk L, Shevtsova M, Fomina A, Kučera P, Prokop A. Effects of the Temperature–Time Regime of Curing of Composite Patch on Repair Process Efficiency. Polymers. 2021; 13(24):4342. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13244342
Chicago/Turabian StyleKondratiev, Andrii, Václav Píštěk, Lina Smovziuk, Maryna Shevtsova, Anna Fomina, Pavel Kučera, and Aleš Prokop. 2021. "Effects of the Temperature–Time Regime of Curing of Composite Patch on Repair Process Efficiency" Polymers 13, no. 24: 4342. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13244342
APA StyleKondratiev, A., Píštěk, V., Smovziuk, L., Shevtsova, M., Fomina, A., Kučera, P., & Prokop, A. (2021). Effects of the Temperature–Time Regime of Curing of Composite Patch on Repair Process Efficiency. Polymers, 13(24), 4342. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13244342