Development of Bio-Based Films and 3D Objects from Apple Pomace
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Pretreatment of Apple Pomace
2.3. Formation of Apple Pomace Powder
2.4. Preparation of Films and 3D Objects from Apple Pomace
2.4.1. Preparation of Bio-Based Films from Apple Pomace by Solution Casting Method
2.4.2. Preparation of 3D Biomaterials from Apple Pomace by Compression Molding Method
2.5. Compositional Analyses of Apple Pomace
2.5.1. Pectin Content
2.5.2. Starch Content
2.5.3. Sucrose, Fructose, and Glucose Content
2.5.4. Carbohydrate and Lignin Contents
2.6. Mechanical Testing of Bio-Based Films and Fiberboards
2.7. Morphological Analyses of Bio-Based Films and Biocomposites
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Production of Thin Films from Apple Pomace by Solution Casting
3.1.1. Morphology of Apple Pomace Films
3.1.2. Mechanical Properties of the Apple Pomace Films
3.2. Production of 3D Objects from Apple Pomace by Compression Molding
3.2.1. Morphology of Apple Pomace 3D Objects
3.2.2. Mechanical Properties of the Apple Pomace 3D Objects
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Proportion (%) 1 | |
---|---|---|
Recovery of sugar-free water insoluble fraction 1 | 39.41 | |
Water insoluble fraction | Pectin 2 | 8.94 ± 1.20 |
Starch 2 | 2.91 ± 0.00 | |
Cellulose 2 | 38.99 ± 0.42 | |
Hemicelluloses 2 | 29.42 ± 0.44 | |
Acid soluble lignin 2 | 6.51 ± 0.12 | |
Acid insoluble Lignin 2 | 16.43 ± 0.12 | |
Water soluble fraction | Total free sugars 1,3 | 55.47 (50.39) |
Sucrose | 17.53 | |
Fructose | 26.92 | |
Glucose | 11.01 (16.63) | |
Non-determined water-soluble fraction 1,3 | 5.12 (10.2) | |
Moisture in wet apple pomace | 82.725 ± 0.07 |
Washing Step | Glycerol (%) | Particle Size 1 (mm) | Thickness (mm) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
yes | 7 | ~0.08 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 16.49 ± 2.54 | 10.77 ± 3.19 |
no | 7 | ~0.08 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 3.27 ± 0.31 | 55.41 ± 5.38 |
no | 0 | ~0.08 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 4.20 ± 0.70 | 37.39 ± 10.38 |
Washing Step | Plasticizer (%) | Particle Size 1 (mm) | Thickness (mm) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) | Young’s Modulus (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yes | Glycerol 30% | 0.2 | 3.18 ± 0.07 | 5.79 ± 0.79 | 1.54 ± 0.09 | 633.4 ± 65.6 |
no | Free sugars 2 | 0.2 | 2.17 ± 0.51 | 3.71 ± 0.80 | 1.56 ± 0.13 | 367.1 ± 82.6 |
no | Free sugars 2 | 1 | 2.91 ± 0.02 | 3.02 ± 0.65 | 0.93 ± 0.21 | 485.7 ± 94.7 |
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Gustafsson, J.; Landberg, M.; Bátori, V.; Åkesson, D.; Taherzadeh, M.J.; Zamani, A. Development of Bio-Based Films and 3D Objects from Apple Pomace. Polymers 2019, 11, 289. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11020289
Gustafsson J, Landberg M, Bátori V, Åkesson D, Taherzadeh MJ, Zamani A. Development of Bio-Based Films and 3D Objects from Apple Pomace. Polymers. 2019; 11(2):289. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11020289
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustafsson, Jesper, Mikael Landberg, Veronika Bátori, Dan Åkesson, Mohammad J. Taherzadeh, and Akram Zamani. 2019. "Development of Bio-Based Films and 3D Objects from Apple Pomace" Polymers 11, no. 2: 289. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11020289