Next Article in Journal
Advances in Electro-Optical Devices Enabled by Waveguide-Based Thin-Film Lithium Niobate
Previous Article in Journal
Color Mechanism of Blue Myanmar Jadeite Jade: The Role of Trace Elements and Mineralogical Characteristics
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Crystals
Volume 15
Issue 10
10.3390/cryst15100845
crystals-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Weld Power, Heat Generation and Microstructure in FSW and SFSW of 11Cr-1.6W-1.6Ni Martensitic Stainless Steel: The Impact of Tool Rotation Rate

by
Mohamed Ragab
1,
Naser Alsaleh
2,
Mohamed M. El-Sayed Seleman
3,*,
Mohamed M. Z. Ahmed
4,
Sabbah Ataya
5,* and
Yousef G. Y. Elshaghoul
6
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering (Production and Design), Shoubra Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Benha 13512, Egypt
2
Department of Industrial Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43221, Egypt
4
Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering at Al Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia
6
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43221, Egypt
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2025, 15(10), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15100845
Submission received: 31 August 2025 / Revised: 24 September 2025 / Accepted: 25 September 2025 / Published: 28 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Topic Microstructure and Properties in Metals and Alloys, 3rd Volume)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a leading technique for joining high-strength steel. This study investigates the relationship between weld power, heat generation (HG), cooling medium, and parent austenite grain (PAG) size during both FSW and submerged FSW (SFSW) processes on 11Cr-1.6W-1.6Ni Martensitic Stainless Steel. Weld power and HG were determined by measuring plunge force and tool torque at various tool rotation rates (350–550 rpm). Additionally, the PAG size and microstructural phases in the base metal (BM), thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and stir zone (SZ) were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that the SFSW of martensitic steel required a plunge force twice that of the FSW process, along with greater weld power. The heat generated during SFSW was 130% higher than in FSW at 550 rpm. Despite this, the peak temperatures in the SZ were lower in SFSW as a result of the surrounding water’s high heat absorption. This difference in thermal behavior significantly affected the microstructure. While FSW resulted in a complete phase transformation to fine PAG, SFSW showed only minimal or partial transformation and a higher strain rate. Consequently, the SZ and TMAZ in SFSW exhibited a higher hardness than in FSW.
Keywords: submerged friction stir welding; heat generation; parent austenite grains; martensitic steel; microstructure submerged friction stir welding; heat generation; parent austenite grains; martensitic steel; microstructure

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ragab, M.; Alsaleh, N.; El-Sayed Seleman, M.M.; Ahmed, M.M.Z.; Ataya, S.; Elshaghoul, Y.G.Y. Weld Power, Heat Generation and Microstructure in FSW and SFSW of 11Cr-1.6W-1.6Ni Martensitic Stainless Steel: The Impact of Tool Rotation Rate. Crystals 2025, 15, 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15100845

AMA Style

Ragab M, Alsaleh N, El-Sayed Seleman MM, Ahmed MMZ, Ataya S, Elshaghoul YGY. Weld Power, Heat Generation and Microstructure in FSW and SFSW of 11Cr-1.6W-1.6Ni Martensitic Stainless Steel: The Impact of Tool Rotation Rate. Crystals. 2025; 15(10):845. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15100845

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ragab, Mohamed, Naser Alsaleh, Mohamed M. El-Sayed Seleman, Mohamed M. Z. Ahmed, Sabbah Ataya, and Yousef G. Y. Elshaghoul. 2025. "Weld Power, Heat Generation and Microstructure in FSW and SFSW of 11Cr-1.6W-1.6Ni Martensitic Stainless Steel: The Impact of Tool Rotation Rate" Crystals 15, no. 10: 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15100845

APA Style

Ragab, M., Alsaleh, N., El-Sayed Seleman, M. M., Ahmed, M. M. Z., Ataya, S., & Elshaghoul, Y. G. Y. (2025). Weld Power, Heat Generation and Microstructure in FSW and SFSW of 11Cr-1.6W-1.6Ni Martensitic Stainless Steel: The Impact of Tool Rotation Rate. Crystals, 15(10), 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15100845

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop