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Article

Donor-Type Nickel–Dithiolene Complexes Fused with Bulky Cycloalkane Substituents and Their Application in Molecular Conductors

by
Kazuya Kubo
1,*,
Mamoru Sadahiro
1,
Sonomi Arata
1,
Norihisa Hoshino
2,
Tomofumi Kadoya
1,
Tomoyuki Akutagawa
2,
Reizo Kato
3 and
Jun-ichi Yamada
1
1
Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Akou-gun, Kobe 678-1297, Japan
2
Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
3
RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0023, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2021, 11(10), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11101154
Submission received: 26 August 2021 / Revised: 13 September 2021 / Accepted: 14 September 2021 / Published: 23 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Conductors)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The effects of substituents on the arrangement of metal–dithiolene complexes based on π-conjugated systems, which are extensively used to synthesize various functional materials, have not been studied adequately. New donor-type nickel–dithiolene complexes fused with bulky cycloalkane substituents [Ni(Cn-dddt)2] (C5-dddt = 4a,5,6,6a-pentahydro-1,4-benzodithiin-2,3-dithiolate; C6-dddt = 4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4-benzodithiin-2,3-dithiolate; C7-dddt = 4a,5,6,7,8,9,9a-heptahydro-1,4-benzodithiin-2,3-dithiolate; and C8-dddt = 4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydro-1,4-benzodithiin-2,3-dithiolate) were synthesized in this study. All the complexes were crystallized in cis-[Ni(cis-Cn-dddt)2] conformations with cis-oriented (R,S) conformations around the cycloalkylene groups in the neutral state. Unique molecular arrangements with a three-dimensional network, a one-dimensional column, and a helical molecular arrangement were formed in the crystals owing to the flexible cycloalkane moieties. New 2:1 cation radical crystals of [Ni(C5-dddt)2]2(X) (X = ClO4− or PF6−), obtained by electrochemical crystallization, exhibited semiconducting behaviors (ρrt = 0.8 Ω cm, Ea = 0.09 eV for the ClO4− crystal; 4.0 Ω cm, 0.13 eV for the PF6− crystal) under ambient pressure due to spin-singlet states between the dimers of the donor, which were in accordance with the conducting behaviors under hydrostatic pressure (ρrt = 0.2 Ω cm, Ea = 0.07 eV for the ClO4− crystal; 1.0 Ω cm, 0.12 eV for the PF6− crystal at 2.0 GPa).

1. Introduction

Organic π-conjugated molecules, including tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) skeletons, are among the most common building blocks for the realization of various functional materials [1]. The TTF molecule has an electron donor ability, which can help realize various charge transfers and produce radical cation crystals. The TTF-TCNQ (TCNQ: 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane) is a prototype of charge-transfer compounds, where the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) bands of the open-shell donors and acceptors, respectively, contribute to the conduction [2,3]. It is the first organic conductor to exhibit a metallic conductivity within a wide temperature range with a minimum of 59 K, where a sharp metal-to-insulator transition is observed [4]. Moreover, TTF has attracted significant research attention with the discovery of superconducting salts [5,6,7,8] based on TTF derivatives such as atetramethyltetraselenafulvalene (TMTSF) [9], bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF) [10,11], and dimethyl(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene (DMET) [12,13]. The conducting properties of molecular-based materials are significantly influenced by their molecular arrangements in crystal form. The cation radicals of BEDT-TTF and bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene (BETS) can crystallize in various donor packing motifs, including α-, β-, θ-, κ-, and λ-type arrangements by combination with inorganic, organic, and organometallic anions [14,15,16,17,18]. Alternative strategies for tuning the molecular arrangements in organic conductors were reported based on organic synthesis techniques. A potential method involves the direct introduction of various substituents into the TTF or BEDT-TTF skeletons [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42]. Kimura et al. reported that meso-2-(5,6-dihydro-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-b][1,4]dithiin-2-ylidene)-5,6-dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-b][1,4]dithiin (meso-DMBEDT-TTF) forms a superconducting crystal β-(meso-DMBEDT-TTF)2PF6 with a transition temperature at 4.3 K under a hydrostatic pressure of 4.0 kbar due to a checkerboard-type charge order state on the donor molecules [43,44]. Another alternative method involves the introduction of bulky cycloalkane moieties into the donor molecules to determine the stacking of the donor molecules; thus, the ratio of the on-site Coulomb repulsion energy U to the bandwidth W can be controlled by changing W for the organic Mott insulators based on the enhanced steric hindrance in the radical cation crystals of CnDT-EDO-TTF (n = 5, 6, 7, 8; cis-1,2-cycloalkylene-1,2-dithio)ethylenedioxytetrathiafulvalene] and its derivatives (Scheme 1) [45,46].
Metal bis-dithiolene complexes can exhibit various oxidation states [47] and have smaller HOMO–LUMO gaps than those of the organic donors [48,49], which is advantageous for the components of molecular conductors. Electron-acceptor type [M(dmit)2] (M = Pd, Pt; dmit = 1,3-dithiole-2-thion-4,5-dithiolete) complexes with small gaps between the HOMO and LUMO form dimer structures. These structures induce crossing HOMO–LUMO band inversions through metal–metal interactions in the solid state, which provide various conducting, magnetic, and other physical properties by combining with closed-shell cations [47,50,51,52]. The electron-donor-type metal bis-dithiolene complexes [M(dddt)2] (M = Ni, Pd, Pt, and Au; dddt = 5,6-dihydro-1,4-dithiine-2,3-ditholate) are candidate materials for the development of molecular conductors due to their orbital symmetries, which are similar to those of BEDT-TTF [53,54,55,56]. A cation radical crystal, [Ni(dddt)2]3(AuBr2)2, is the first metal based on the donor-type metal–dithiolene complexes exhibiting metallic behavior down to at least 1.3 K [57]. Recently, Kato et al. reported a single-component molecular Dirac electron system based on Pd(dddt)2 that exhibits temperature-independent resistivity under high hydrostatic pressures [58,59,60,61,62,63]. The conducting and magnetic properties exhibited by the molecular crystals based on the dithiolene complexes are significantly dependent on the molecular arrangements of the metal–dithiolene complexes and organic molecular conductors. In the case of molecular conductors based on metal–dithiolene complexes, the molecular arrangements of the complexes are dependent on the combination of counter cations and anions in the crystals [47,48]. However, there are few reports on the substituent effects on the molecular arrangement, which influences the physical properties, despite the advantages of the components of molecular conductors [64,65]. Thus, we designed novel donor-type metal bis-dithiolene complexes [Ni(Cn-dddt)2] formed by a [Ni(dddt)2] skeleton fused with bulky cycloalkane rings and investigated the substituent effects on the arrangement of the complexes and their physical properties (Scheme 2). Donor organic molecules fused with bulky substituents such as cycloalkane and dioxane moieties can form unique molecular arrangements in the crystals [66], which exhibit superconducting and metallic behaviors [45,46,67,68,69].
In this paper, we report the donor abilities of novel donor complexes [Ni(Cn-dddt)2] with two cycloalkane rings (C5-dddt = 4a,5,6,6a-pentahydrro-1,4-benzodithiin-2,3-dithiolate; C6-dddt = 4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4-benzodithiin-2,3-dithiolate; C7-dddt = 4a,5,6,7,8,9,9a-heptahydro-1,4-benzodithiin-2,3-dithiolate, and C8-dddt = 4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydro-1,4-benzodithiin-2,3-dithiolate) based on electrochemical measurements and electronic absorption spectra. The packing motifs of the neutral [Ni(Cn-dddt)2] (n = 5, 6, 7, 8) were discussed based on X-ray crystallographic analysis results. Furthermore, electronic features of new cation radical crystals [Ni(C5-dddt)2]2[X] (X = ClO4− and PF6−) were revealed using electrical resistivity, magnetic measurements, and band calculations based on the crystal structures.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

All the solvents were of analytical grade and were used without further purification. All the reactions were performed in a nitrogen atmosphere. Oligo(1,3-dithiole-2,4,5-trithione) ((C3S5)x) [70] and (Bu4N)[Ni(dddt)2] [56] were prepared using a previously reported method.

2.2. Synthesis

2.2.1. Synthesis of 4,5-Cis(cyclopentalenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-thione (L1), 4,5-Cis(cyclohexylenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-thione (L2), 4,5-Cis(cycloheptalenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-thione (L3), and 4,5-Cis(cyclooctalenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-thione (L4)

In a nitrogen atmosphere, cyclopentene (25 mmol) was dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (25 mL), and oligo(1,3-dithiole-2,4,5-trithione) (10 mmol) was added. The resulting suspension was heated to 135 °C for 14 h with stirring, and the reaction mixture was filtered to remove insoluble precipitates. The evaporation of the filtration in vacuo, followed by purification of the residue by column chromatography (SiO2, carbon disulfide (CS2)-hexane 1:3), yielded 67.6% 4,5-cis(cyclopentalenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-thione (L1) as yellow crystals after recrystallization from hot ethanol (EtOH). Moreover, 4,5-cis(cyclohexylenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-thione (L2), 4,5-cis(cycloheptalenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-thione (L3), and 4,5-cis(cyclooctalenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-thione (L4) were obtained using a similar procedure with corresponding cycloalkenes as starting materials, yielding 32.7% L2, 77.6% L3, and 69.2% L4.

2.2.2. Synthesis of 4,5-Cis(cyclopentalenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-one (L1′) and 4,5-Cis(cyclohexylenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-one (L2′), 4,5-Cis(cycloheptalenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-one (L3′), and 4,5-Cis(cyclooctalenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-one (L4′)

Mercuric acetate (1.5 mmol) was added to a solution of L1′ (1 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran-acetic acid (2:1, 45 mL), and the resulting white suspension was stirred for 30 min at 20 °C. The resulting white precipitate was removed by filtration using Celite and washed thoroughly using chloroform. The combined organic phases were washed using water (2 × 100 mL), saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate (2 × 100 mL), and water (1 × 100 mL), and then they were dried using magnesium sulfate. The removal of the solvent in vacuo yielded 98% 4,5-cis(cyclopentalenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-one (L1′) as large pale yellow needle crystals. Moreover, 4,5-cis(cyclohexylenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-one (L2′), 4,5-cis(cycloheptalenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-one (L3′), and 4,5-cis(cyclooctalenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-one (L4′) were obtained using a similar procedure; thus yielding 97% L2′, 98% L3′, and 97% L4′.

2.2.3. Synthesis of Monoanionic Complexes (Bu4N)[Ni(Cn-dddt)2] (n = 5, 1; n = 6, 2; n = 7, 3; and n = 8, 4)

Sodium (3.0 mmol) and Lm’ (m = 1–4) (1.2 mmol) were dissolved in EtOH (15 mL). The resulting clear orange solution was dropped into an EtOH solution (15 mL) of NiCl2·6H2O (0.6 mmol) for 30 min with stirring. The resulting solution had a dark purple color. It was stirred in the air for a further 30 min, and the color changed to dark green as the reaction proceeded. After filtration to remove insoluble precipitates, one equivalent tetrabutylammonium bromide was added to the solution, and a dark green solid precipitated immediately. The green solids of monoanionic complexes 1–4 were collected by filtration and recrystallized using acetone. The yields for 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 79.6%, 63.0%, 46.4%, and 38.8%, respectively.

2.2.4. Synthesis of Neutral Complexes [Ni(Cn-dddt)2] (n = 5, 5; n = 6, 6; n = 7, 7; and n = 8, 8)

An acetonitrile (CH3CN) (50 mL) solution of iodine (1.3 mmol) was added to a CH3CN solution (100 mL) of monoanionic complexes 1–4 (0.23 mmol). Black precipitates of 5–8 were obtained immediately. The precipitates of the neutral complexes were collected by filtration, washed using CH3CN and methanol, and dried under reduced pressure. Black block-shaped single crystals of the neutral complexes 5–8, which were suitable for X-ray crystallographic analyses, were obtained by recrystallization from their carbon disulfide solutions. The yields for 5, 6, 7, and 8 were 69.2%, 31.5%, 62.9%, and 36.8%, respectively. The elemental analysis results for these complexes are summarized in Table 1.

2.2.5. Synthesis of Radical Cation Crystals [Ni(C5-dddt)2]2[ClO4] (9) and [Ni(C5-dddt)2]2[PF6] (10)

Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) solutions (10 mL) of 5 (0.03 mmol) containing (Bu4N)(X) (X = ClO4 or PF6) (0.09 mmol) as electrolytes were electrolyzed under constant-current conditions (3 μA) for three days in an H-shaped cell equipped with platinum wire electrodes in an argon atmosphere at 20 °C. Black crystals of 9 and 10 were formed on the anode surface. The chemical formulas of 9 and 10 were confirmed by X-ray crystal structural analyses.

2.3. Physical Measurements

2.3.1. Elemental Analyses

The analyses of the carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen elements were performed using a PERKIN-ELMER 240 C elemental analyzer for 1, 3, 7; and a Yanako MT-6 CHN CORDER for 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8. The elemental analyses of the nickel and sulfur atoms of the neutral complexes 5–8 were performed using a SHIMADZU ICPS-1000IV by the Chemical Analysis Team of AD&SD in RIKEN.

2.3.2. Electrochemical Measurements

Cyclic voltammograms of monoanionic complexes 1–4 were obtained using acetonitrile solutions (1 × 10−3 mol L−1) with (Bu4N)(ClO4) (0.1 M) as a supporting electrolyte and recorded using a BAS ALS/[H] CH Instruments Model 610 electrochemical analyzer combined with an Ag/Ag+ reference electrode, platinum counter electrode, and glassy carbon working electrode at room temperature. The scan rate of the measurements was 100 mV/s.

2.3.3. Electronic Absorption Spectra

The electronic absorption spectra (300–1600 nm) of 1–8 in CH2Cl2, CH3CN, and benzene solutions (5 × 10−5 mol L−1) at room temperature were measured by the Chemical Analysis Team of AD&SD in RIKEN using a Shimadzu UV-3100 system.

2.3.4. Electrical Resistivity

The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity was measured using the standard four-probe method at ambient pressure for 9 and 10. Gold wires (15 μm in diameter) were attached to the crystal with a carbon paste. Resistivity measurements under the hydrostatic pressure of the salt were performed within the range from 0.3–1.8 GPa using a clamp-type piston-cylinder high-pressure cell [71,72].

2.3.5. Magnetic Susceptibility

The magnetic susceptibilities of 9 (15 mg) and 10 (20 mg) were measured in a magnetic field of 1 T using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer (Quantum Design, MPMS-XL7) within the temperature range of 2–300 K.

2.3.6. Band Calculation

The intermolecular overlap integrals (S) between the frontier orbitals were calculated based on the extended Hückel molecular orbital (MO) method. The semi-empirical parameters for the Slater-type atomic orbitals were obtained from the literature [73,74,75].

2.3.7. Crystal Structure Determinations of L2–L4, Neutral Complexes 5–8, and Radical Cation Crystals 9 and 10

Crystallographic data for the single crystals of L2–L4, 5–8, and 9–10 were obtained using a Rigaku MicroMax-007 diffractometer with a multilayer mirror monochromated Mo-Kα (λ = 0.71073 Å) and charge-coupled device detector at 93 K. Structural refinements were carried out using the full-matrix least-squares method on F2 [76]. The structures were determined and refined using SHELXL-2018 in the Olex2 software package [77,78]. The parameters were refined using anisotropic temperature factors, with the exception of the hydrogen atoms, which were parametrically refined using the riding model with a fixed C-H bond distance of 0.95 Å. The crystallographic data for L2–L4, 5–8, and 9–10 are summarized in Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4, respectively.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Synthesis of Complexes 1–8

3.1.1. Syntheses and Molecular Structures of Precursors L1–L4

One of the most effective methods for synthesizing various TTF derivatives and their precursors involves [2 + 4] cycloadditions of (C3S5)x (as 4π) and a molecule that involves one of its external double bonds (as 2π) [79]. This reaction is stereospecific, similar to the [2 + 4] cycloaddition of tetrathiooxalate with alkanes, thus providing a cis-oriented compound [80]. Precursors L1–L4 were synthesized using a modified version of a method outlined in a previous study, by the [2 + 4] cycloadditions of (C3S5)x and cycloheptene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene, and cyclooctene [81]. The cycloalkylene residues were cis-oriented with respect to the newly formed 1,4-dithiene rings. Single crystals of L1–L4 were obtained by recrystallization from their dichloromethane solutions, which were suitable for X-ray crystallographic analyses, with the exception of L1. Figure 1 presents the molecular structures of two crystallographically independent molecules A and B in the crystal of L2. The fused cyclohexane moieties in molecules A and B formed cis-oriented (R,S) conformations at the two carbons C(4)-C(5) and C(13)-C(14), respectively. Stable chair-type configurations of the cyclohexylene groups were observed for molecules A and B. A similar cis-oriented conformation was observed in the crystals of 4,5-(l,4-dioxanediyl-2,3-dithio)-l,3-dithiole-2-thione and 4,5-(cis-cyclohexylenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-one [82,83]. The bond distances of C=C and C=S were 1.349 Å and 1.648 Å for molecule A, and 1.352 Å and 1.648 Å for molecule B. The angles between the planes formed by S(1)-C(2)-C(3)-S(2) and S(3)-C(2)-C(3)-S(4) in molecule A and S(6)-C(11)-C(12)-S(7) and S(8)-C(11)-C(12)-S(9) in molecule B were 3.86° and 3.08°, respectively. The bond distances and angles indicate that the C3S5 moieties of molecules A and B formed similar planar structures. The torsion angles around the fused cyclohexyl group in molecule A were −71.20°, −6.76°, and 56.18° for C(2)-S(1)-C(4)-C(5), C(3)-S(2)-C(5)-C(4), and S(1)-C(4)-C(5)-S(2), respectively. The corresponding torsion angles in molecule B were −62.56°, −26.37°, and 63.91° for C(11)–S(6)–C(13)-C(14), C(12)-S(7)-C(14)-C(13), and S(6)-C(13)-C(14)-S(7), respectively. The comparison of the torsion angles between molecules A and B revealed that the fused cyclohexylene group in molecule A deviated more from the C3S5 plane at the S(1) and S(2) positions than that of molecule B.
Figure 2 presents the molecular structures of L3 and L4. The fused cycloheptane and cyclooctane moieties formed cis-oriented (R,S) conformations at the two carbons C(4) and C(5), respectively, in addition to molecule L2. Twist-chair- and boat-chair-type configurations of the cycloheptylene and cyclooctylene groups were formed in L3 and L4, which were observed in the crystals of CnDT-EDO-TTF (n = 7, 8) [45]. The C3S5 moieties of L3 and L4 were planar structures, as observed in the crystal of L2; where the bond lengths C(1)=S(5) and C(2)=C(3) and the angles between the planes formed by S(1)-C(2)-C(3)-S(2) and S(3)-C(2)-C(3)-S(4) were 1.656 Å, 1.355 Å, and 2.89° for L3; and 1.647 Å, 1.344 Å, and 2.75° for L4, respectively. The torsion angles around the fused cycloalkylene groups of C(2)-S(1)-C(4)-C(5), C(3)-S(2)-C(5)-C(4), and S(1)-C(4)-C(5)-S(2) were 57.68°, 42.60°, and -72.47° for L3; and 58.00°, 41.11°, and -72.18° for L4, respectively.

3.1.2. Molecular and Crystal Structures of Neutral Complexes 5–8

We successfully obtained single crystals of the neutral complexes that were suitable for X-ray crystallographic analysis by recrystallization from CS2 solutions of complexes 5–8. The synthetic procedure for the neutral complexes is shown in Scheme 3. The precursors of L1–L4 formed cis-oriented (R,S) conformations around the cycloalkylene groups due to the [2 + 4] cycloadditions. Using the synthetic procedures shown in Scheme 3, Monoanionic complexes 1–4 were obtained as mixtures, including diastereomeric isomers (Bu4N){trans-[Ni(cis-Cn-dddt)2]} and (Bu4N){cis-[Ni(cis-Cn-dddt)2]}, due to the conformations between the two cycloalkylene groups in the molecules. The oxidation of Monoanionic complexes 1–4 resulted in the formation of mixtures of diastereomeric isomers for neutral complexes 5–8 (Scheme 4). From the recrystallization processes, single crystals of neutral complexes 5–8 were formed by the trans-isomers.
The selected bond lengths and angles of the neutral complexes in crystals 5–8 are summarized in Table 5. In molecules of 5–8, square planar co-ordinations were constructed around the Ni atoms, similar to previously reported square planar Ni-dithiolene complexes such as [Ni(dddt)2] in a neutral state [84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91].
Figure 3 presents the molecular structure of 5. One half of the trans-[Ni(cis-C5-dddt)2] molecule was crystallographically independent with an inversion center on the nickel atom in the crystals of 5. The torsion angles around the fused cyclopentylene group of the molecule were 45.93°, 42.06°, and −62.81° for C(1)-S(3)-C(3)-C(4), C(2)-S(4)-C(4)-C(3), and S(3)-C(3)-C(4)-S(4), respectively. The approximate geometry of the [Ni(dddt)2] moiety in crystal 5 was highly similar to those of an anionic [Ni(dddt)2]− molecule [92]. The cyclopentylene ring of 5 adopted a folded conformation from the [Ni(dddt)2] moiety with the trans-orientation, which is different from the conformation observed in (Ph4P){trans-[Ni(cis-C5-dddt)2]} (an envelope conformation) [93].
The packing diagrams of 5 are shown in Figure 4. Due to the folded geometry, the columnar structures of the complex were restricted. The shortest Ni–Ni distance was 6.283 Å, which was the length of the a axis. The intermolecular S···S contacts shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radius (3.70 Å) were observed between the S(1)–S(1) atoms (3.574 Å) and S(1)–S(4′) atoms (3.604 Å), which formed a three-dimensional network structure in crystal 5.
The molecular structure of compound 6 is shown in Figure 5. One trans-[Ni(cis-C6-dddt)2] molecule was present in the asymmetric unit of the crystal. The torsion angles around the fused cyclohexylene group of the molecule were 43.79°, −68.30°, and −62.81° for C(1)-S(3)-C(3)-C(4), C(2)-S(4)-C(4)-C(3), and S(3)-C(3)-C(4)-S(4), respectively. The corresponding torsion angles in the opposite site of the molecule were −45.87°, −47.04°, and 66.65° for C(9)-S(7)-C(11)-C(12), C(10)-S(8)-C(12)-C(11), and S(7)-C(11)-C(12)-S(8), respectively. The stable chair-type configurations of the cyclohexylene groups were observed. However, the folded conformations of the cyclohexylene groups from the planar [Ni(dddt)2] core were different from those of L4, which exhibited larger flexures around the terminal S-C bonds (Figure 1).
A similar molecular geometry of trans-[Ni(cis-C6-dddt)2] was reported by Bai et al. [94]. However, the packing motif of crystal 6 was significantly different from that of the reported crystal constructed by the centrosymmetric molecular arrangement of trans-[Ni(cis-C6-dddt)2] with an inversion center on the nickel atom. In the case of crystal 6, a non-centrosymmetric molecular arrangement with a helix axis along the b axis formed by the trans-[Ni(cis-C6-dddt)2] molecules was observed (Figure 6). The cyclohexylene rings prevented the formation of stacks of the complexes and intermolecular interactions through the S···S contacts. The shortest intermolecular S···S distance was 3.749 Å between S(1) and S(8). The shortest Ni–Ni distance was 8.030 Å, which was the length of the a axis.
One half of the trans-[Ni(cis-C7-dddt)2] molecule was present in the asymmetric unit in Crystal 7 (Figure 7). The twist chair-type configurations of the cycloheptylene groups in L3 were maintained in the crystals after the coordination reaction of L3′ and the nickel source (Scheme 3). The twist chair-type configurations of the cycloheptylene groups around the terminal S–C bonds in the molecule exhibited larger flexures (Figure 2), with torsion angles around the fused cycloheptylene group of 10.13°, 68.04°, and −55.70° for C(1)-S(3)-C(3)-C(4), C(2)-S(4)-C(4)-C(3), and S(3)-C(3)-C(4)-S(4), respectively. Figure 8 presents the crystal structure of 7. The cycloheptylene moieties were in contact along the c axis. There was no intermolecular S···S contact, given that the [Ni(dddt)2] cores were completely separated by the steric hindrance of the cycloheptane moieties.
Figure 9 and Figure 10 present the molecular and crystal structures of 8. The centrosymmetric crystal was formed by one-half of the trans-[Ni(cis-C8-dddt)2] molecule in the asymmetric unit. The boat-chair-type configurations of the cyclooctylene groups formed in L4 remained in molecule 6 with torsion angles of 54.74°, 46.88°, and −70.84° for C(1)-S(1)-C(3)-C(4), C(2)-S(4)-C(4)-C(3), and S(3)-C(3)-C(4)-S(4), respectively. One-dimensional columns along the a axis were constructed by ring-over-ring overlaps between the molecules sliding to the molecular longitudinal axis. There were no intercolumnar interactions through the S–S contacts. The shortest distance was 3.775 Å between S(2) and S(3′) in the column. The columns interacted through the side-by-side intermolecular S···S contacts between S(3) and S(3′) with a distance of 3.444 Å.

3.2. Electrochemical Properties of 1–4

Cyclic voltammograms of monoanionic complexes 1–4 and (Bu4N)[Ni(dddt)2] in MeCN were obtained (Figure 1). The voltammograms of (Bu4N)[Ni(dddt)2] exhibited two quasi-reversible couples and one irreversible redox couple in the recorded region (Figure 1). The quasi-reversible redox peaks were assigned to [Ni(dddt)2]0/[Ni(dddt)2]+ (E1/21 = −1.24 V) and [Ni(dddt)2]−/[Ni(dddt)2]0 (E1/22 = −1.02 V) (Figure 11a). An irreversible oxidation peak was observed at 0.28 V, which indicates a reduction process between the dianionic [Ni(dddt)2]− and monoanionic [Ni(dddt)2]2− states. The electrochemical features of 1–4 were similar to those of (Bu4N)[Ni(dddt)2]. The redox potentials E1/21 ([Ni(Cn-dddt)2]0/[Ni(Cn-dddt)2]+) and E1/22 ([Ni(Cn-dddt)2]−Ni(Cn-dddt)2]0) of 1–4 are summarized in Table 6. Potentials E1 and E2 were correlated to the donor abilities of the complexes. The ΔE (= E1/22 – E1/21) values could be considered a measure of the on-site Coulomb energies [47,64]. Based on the E1/21, E1/22, and ΔE values, the complexes with fused cycloalkanes maintained the donor ability and on-site Coulomb energy of (Bu4N)[Ni(dddt)2].

3.3. Electronic Absorption Spectra of 1–8

The electronic absorption spectra of monoanionic complexes 1–4 and neutral complexes 5–8 in CH2Cl2 were measured. Monoanionic complexes 1–4 exhibited a strong and broad absorption band at approximately 1036–1201 nm in the near-infrared region, which can be attributed to a π–π * transition between their HOMOs and LUMOs (Table 7) [95,96]. With respect to neutral complexes 5–8, the HOMO–LUMO absorption bands were shifted to the higher energy region (982–1040 nm), which corresponds to the energy gap between HOMO-1 and the HOMOs of the monoanionic complexes due to the weak shoulder absorptions observed at approximately 1000 nm. For example, monoanionic complex 4 exhibited two absorptions at 1201 nm and 1040 nm, which can be attributed to the HOMO–LUMO and HOMO-1 to HOMO gaps, respectively (Figure 12). The HOMO–LUMO gaps of the neutral complexes estimated by the spectra were within the range 1.19–1.26 eV. The spectroscopic behaviors of the complexes were similar to those of other bis(ethylene-1,2-dithiolato) complexes and M(S2C2R2)2 [85,86,87,88,89,93,94,97,98].

3.4. Structures and Physical Properties of Radical Cation Crystals 9 and 10

3.4.1. Molecular and Crystal Structures of 9 and 10

The electrochemical oxidation of CH2Cl2 solutions, including neutral complex 5 and the corresponding supporting electrolytes (Bu4N)X (X = ClO4− and PF6−), resulted in the crystallization of 2:1 [Ni(cis-C5-dddt)2]2(X) salts. The donor/acceptor ratios of the 2:1 crystals were different from those of the previously reported radical cation crystals based on the [Ni(dddt)2] complex without bulky substituents, constructing the 3:2 crystals of [Ni(dddt)2]3(A)2 (A = AuBr2−, BF4−, ClO4−, HSO4−, and HSeO4− [55,56,99,100,101,102,103]. The crystals of 9 and 10 included one crystallographically independent donor and half of the ClO4− or PF6− anions, respectively. Figure 13 and (Supplementary Materials) Figure S1 present the molecular structures of the donors in 9 and 10. In the case of the radical cation crystals, the cis-[Ni(cis-C5-dddt)2] conformation was formed preferentially, although the corresponding neutral complex exhibited the trans-[Ni(cis-C5-dddt)2] conformation (Scheme 4). The donors exhibited a square planar coordination around the Ni atoms. Moreover, the bond distances of Ni-S = 2.1438(5)–2.1481(5) Å, S–C = 1.703(2)–1.7077(19) Å, and C=C = 1.406(3)–1.408(3) Å for 9; and Ni-S = 2.1435(6)–2.1498(6) Å, S-C = 1.702(2)–1.705(2) Å, and C=C = 1.404(3)–1.414(3) Å for 10 in the NiS4C4 framework were slightly larger than those of the neutral trans-[Ni(cis-C5-dddt)2]. Figure 14 and Figure S2 present the crystal structures of 9 and 10. In the crystals, similar molecular arrangements of the donors and anions were observed with a two-fold axis on one of the Cl-O and P-F bonds of the anions along the b axis, respectively. In 9, the perchlorate anions were disordered at the two sites by rotation around the two-fold axis. The cis-[Ni(cis-C5-dddt)2] conformation would induce dimerized structures of the donors in 9 and 10, which differ from the molecular arrangement in the cases of the 3:2 crystals of [Ni(dddt)2]3(A)2 significantly. The dimerized structures of the donors were formed by the S···S contacts (3.665 Å and 3.664 Å for 9 and 10, respectively), and the dimers were arranged into columnar structures through the S···S contacts (3.682 Å and 3.556 Å for 9 and 10, respectively) along the a-c axis directions in 9 and 10. Intermolecular side-by-side interactions through the S···S contacts (3.507–3.637 Å and 3.500–3.629 Å for 9 and 10, respectively) between the columns were observed along the b axis, thus providing two-dimensional donor sheets parallel to the bc planes. Although the donor molecule is fused with the bulky cyclopentane moieties, the two-dimensional donor sheet arrangements through the S···S contacts preferentially are constructed in the radical cation crystals, which are also observed in the organic radical cation crystals based on the BEDT-TTF and BETS molecules exhibiting metallic and superconducting behaviors [14,15,16,17,18].

3.4.2. Molecular Orbitals and Energy Band Calculations of 9 and 10

To reveal the electronic features of the salts, molecular orbitals (MO) and energy band structures were determined using the extended Hückel and tight-binding methods. Figure 15 presents the determined HOMOs and LUMOs of the donor molecules of 9 and 10 in their neutral states. The highly symmetric HOMOs and LUMOs with the nickel d orbitals of the donors were in good agreement with the molecular orbitals of the [M(dddt)2] complex calculated based on the first-principles density-functional theory [56,57,58,59,60,61,62].
The calculated overlap integrals (S) of the crystals between the HOMOs are summarized in Table 8 with a schematic diagram of their donor arrangements. The symbols a1–b4 indicate directions of intermolecular interactions between the donors. Figure S3 presents the corresponding molecular arrangement of the donor molecules viewed along the end-on direction in the crystal. The significant dimerization of the crystals was observed, given that the face-to-face interactions (a2) were significantly stronger than the other interactions (a1) in the columns. Dominant side-by-side interactions (b1 and b4) connected the dimers, thus forming two-dimensional sheets in the crystals. Figure 16 presents the calculated band structure of 9, which is similar to that of crystal 10. Both the upper bands crossed the Fermi level, thus forming the small two-dimensional Fermi surfaces of the crystals.

3.4.3. Electrical Conductivities and Magnetic Properties of 9 and 10

The temperature dependence of the resistivities was measured for single crystals of 9 and 10 K using a standard four-probe direct current (DC) method (Figure 17). The salts exhibited semiconducting behaviors (9: ρrt = 0.8 Ω cm and Ea = 0.09 eV; 10: ρrt = 4.0 Ω cm and Ea = 0.13 eV). Although the energy band calculations for 9 and 10 suggested a metallic nature, crystals 9 and 10 exhibited semiconducting behaviors under ambient pressure. The results of the resistivity measurements and the energy band calculations indicate that the crystals forms a Mott insulating state or a spin-singlet state under ambient pressure [104]. In order to reveal the electronic structures of the crystals, temperature dependence of the resistivities under hydrostatic pressures and magnetic susceptibilities of 9 and 10 were measured. The resistivity measurements under various hydrostatic pressures (0.3–1.8 GPa) exhibited slightly smaller activation energies than those under ambient pressure (9: ρrt = 0.2 Ω cm and Ea = 0.07 eV; 10: ρrt = 1.0 Ω cm and Ea = 0.12 eV at 1.8 GPa). The temperature dependencies of the magnetic susceptibilities of 9 and 10 were in accordance with the Curie–Wiess law. However, significantly small χ values at 300 K indicate diamagnetic features (χ = 2.9 × 10−5 cm3 mol−1 for 9 and χ = 2.3 × 10−5 cm3 mol−1 for 10). These results suggest that the crystals formed spin-singlet states between the dimers through the S···S contacts to the b1 direction (Table 8), which is in accordance with their conducting behaviors.

4. Conclusions

New donor-type nickel–dithiolene complexes based on the [Ni(dddt)2] skeleton fused with bulky cycloalkane substituents were synthesized as new components of molecular conductors. All the neutral crystals were crystallized in cis-[Ni(cis-Cn-dddt)2] conformations with cis-oriented (R,S) conformations around the cycloalkylene groups due to the [2 + 4] cycloadditions. The flexible cycloalkane moieties in the molecules can induce unique molecular arrangements in their neutral crystals. The three-dimensional network and one-dimensional columnar structures were constructed through intermolecular S···S contacts in crystals 5 and 8. No intermolecular S···S contacts were observed in 6 and 7. However, [Ni(C6-dddt)2] formed a helical molecular arrangement in the crystal. New cation radical crystals [Ni(C3-dddt)2]2(ClO4− or PF6−) with dimerized structures were successfully obtained by electrochemical crystallization, which formed different electronic structures of the [Ni(dddt)2]3(X)2 crystals [55,57,99,100,101,102,103]. The radical cation crystals were insulators due to the spin-singlet states between the dimers through the strong intermolecular S···S contacts. However, the donors with cycloalkane substituents can adjust the proportions of the inter- and intra-dimer interactions through the S···S contacts in their radical cation crystals by modification of the cycloalkane moieties, and allow for the realization of various cation radical crystals with unique donor arrangements by introducing linear, tetrahedral, and octahedral anions. Moreover, neutral crystals are potential candidates for new single-component molecular conductors [58,59,60,61,62,63].

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/cryst11101154/s1, Figure S1: Molecular structure of 10 along vertical and parallel directions on the molecular plane with atom labels. Figure S2: Crystal structure of 10 along the (a) a, (b) b, and (c) c axes. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. The dashed lines indicate sulfur–sulfur distances shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radius (<3.70 Å), CIFs: CCDC numbers 2103657–2103665 for 5–8, 9, and 10.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, project administration, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing, and funding acquisition, K.K.; investigation and data curation, M.S., S.A., N.H., and T.K.; supervision, T.A., R.K., and J.-i.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) [grant number JP18H01956]; and the Research Program of the Dynamic Alliance for Open Innovation Bridging Human, Environment and Materials of the Network Joint Research Center for Materials and Devices [grant number 20214021].

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

We thank Takeo Fukunaga from RIKEN and Yoshitaka Kawasugi from Toho University for technical support related to the X-ray crystallographic analyses and the resistivity measurements under hydrostatic pressures.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Crystals 11 01154 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Organic components of molecular conductors.
Scheme 1. Organic components of molecular conductors.
Crystals 11 01154 sch001
Crystals 11 01154 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Metal–dithiolene complexes as components of molecular conductors.
Scheme 2. Metal–dithiolene complexes as components of molecular conductors.
Crystals 11 01154 sch002
Crystals 11 01154 g001 550
Figure 1. Molecular structures of two crystallographically independent molecules, (a) A and (b) B, in the crystal of L2 along the vertical, parallel, and end-on directions on the C3S5 molecular plane with atom labels.
Figure 1. Molecular structures of two crystallographically independent molecules, (a) A and (b) B, in the crystal of L2 along the vertical, parallel, and end-on directions on the C3S5 molecular plane with atom labels.
Crystals 11 01154 g001
Crystals 11 01154 g002 550
Figure 2. Molecular structures of (a) L3 and (b) L4 along the vertical, parallel, and end-on directions on the C3S5 molecular plane with atom labels.
Figure 2. Molecular structures of (a) L3 and (b) L4 along the vertical, parallel, and end-on directions on the C3S5 molecular plane with atom labels.
Crystals 11 01154 g002
Crystals 11 01154 sch003 550
Scheme 3. Synthetic procedure of neutral [Ni(Cn-dddt)2] complexes.
Scheme 3. Synthetic procedure of neutral [Ni(Cn-dddt)2] complexes.
Crystals 11 01154 sch003
Crystals 11 01154 sch004 550
Scheme 4. Diastereomeric isomers of the trans- and cis-[Ni(cis-C5-dddt)2] complexes.
Scheme 4. Diastereomeric isomers of the trans- and cis-[Ni(cis-C5-dddt)2] complexes.
Crystals 11 01154 sch004
Crystals 11 01154 g003 550
Figure 3. Molecular structure of 5 along the vertical and parallel directions on the molecular plane, with atom labels.
Figure 3. Molecular structure of 5 along the vertical and parallel directions on the molecular plane, with atom labels.
Crystals 11 01154 g003
Crystals 11 01154 g004 550
Figure 4. Crystal structures of 5 viewed along the (a) a, (b) b, and (c) c axes. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. The blue dashed lines indicate the intermolecular S···S contacts shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radius (3.70 Å).
Figure 4. Crystal structures of 5 viewed along the (a) a, (b) b, and (c) c axes. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. The blue dashed lines indicate the intermolecular S···S contacts shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radius (3.70 Å).
Crystals 11 01154 g004
Crystals 11 01154 g005 550
Figure 5. Molecular structure of 6 along the vertical and parallel directions on the molecular plane with atom labels.
Figure 5. Molecular structure of 6 along the vertical and parallel directions on the molecular plane with atom labels.
Crystals 11 01154 g005
Crystals 11 01154 g006 550
Figure 6. Crystal structure of 6 along the (a) a, (b) b, and (c) c axes. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.
Figure 6. Crystal structure of 6 along the (a) a, (b) b, and (c) c axes. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.
Crystals 11 01154 g006
Crystals 11 01154 g007 550
Figure 7. Molecular structure of 7 along the vertical and parallel directions on the molecular plane with atom labels.
Figure 7. Molecular structure of 7 along the vertical and parallel directions on the molecular plane with atom labels.
Crystals 11 01154 g007
Crystals 11 01154 g008 550
Figure 8. Crystal structure of 7 along the (a) a, (b) b, and (c) c axes. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.
Figure 8. Crystal structure of 7 along the (a) a, (b) b, and (c) c axes. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.
Crystals 11 01154 g008
Crystals 11 01154 g009 550
Figure 9. Molecular structure of 8 along the vertical and parallel directions on the molecular plane with atom labels.
Figure 9. Molecular structure of 8 along the vertical and parallel directions on the molecular plane with atom labels.
Crystals 11 01154 g009
Crystals 11 01154 g010 550
Figure 10. Crystal structure of 8 along the (a) a, (b) b, and (c) c axes. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. The blue dashed lines indicate the intermolecular S···S contacts shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radius (3.70 Å).
Figure 10. Crystal structure of 8 along the (a) a, (b) b, and (c) c axes. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. The blue dashed lines indicate the intermolecular S···S contacts shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radius (3.70 Å).
Crystals 11 01154 g010
Crystals 11 01154 g011 550
Figure 11. Cyclic voltammograms of (a) (Bu4N)[Ni(dddt)2], (b) 1, (c) 2, (d) 3, and (e) 4. Conditions: MeCN (1 × 10−3 M), supporting electrolyte: (Bu4N)(ClO4) (0.1 M), scan rate: 100 mV/s, reference electrode: Ag/Ag+, counter electrode: Pt wire, working electrode: glassy carbon at room temperature.
Figure 11. Cyclic voltammograms of (a) (Bu4N)[Ni(dddt)2], (b) 1, (c) 2, (d) 3, and (e) 4. Conditions: MeCN (1 × 10−3 M), supporting electrolyte: (Bu4N)(ClO4) (0.1 M), scan rate: 100 mV/s, reference electrode: Ag/Ag+, counter electrode: Pt wire, working electrode: glassy carbon at room temperature.
Crystals 11 01154 g011
Crystals 11 01154 g012 550
Figure 12. Electronic absorption spectra of (a) 4 (4.82 × 10−5 M) and (b) 8 (3.40 × 10−5 M) in CH2Cl2 solutions.
Figure 12. Electronic absorption spectra of (a) 4 (4.82 × 10−5 M) and (b) 8 (3.40 × 10−5 M) in CH2Cl2 solutions.
Crystals 11 01154 g012
Crystals 11 01154 g013 550
Figure 13. Molecular structure of 9 along the vertical and parallel directions on the molecular plane with atom labels.
Figure 13. Molecular structure of 9 along the vertical and parallel directions on the molecular plane with atom labels.
Crystals 11 01154 g013
Crystals 11 01154 g014 550
Figure 14. Crystal structure of 9 along (a) the a, (b) b, and (c) c axes. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. The dashed lines indicate sulfur–sulfur distances shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radius (<3.7 Å).
Figure 14. Crystal structure of 9 along (a) the a, (b) b, and (c) c axes. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. The dashed lines indicate sulfur–sulfur distances shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radius (<3.7 Å).
Crystals 11 01154 g014
Crystals 11 01154 g015 550
Figure 15. The HOMO and LUMO of [Ni(C5-dddt)2].
Figure 15. The HOMO and LUMO of [Ni(C5-dddt)2].
Crystals 11 01154 g015
Crystals 11 01154 g016 550
Figure 16. (a) Energy band structure and (b) Fermi surface of 9. The characters b* and c* denote reciprocal lattice axes.
Figure 16. (a) Energy band structure and (b) Fermi surface of 9. The characters b* and c* denote reciprocal lattice axes.
Crystals 11 01154 g016
Crystals 11 01154 g017 550
Figure 17. Temperature dependence of electrical resistivities of (a) 9 and (b) 10.
Figure 17. Temperature dependence of electrical resistivities of (a) 9 and (b) 10.
Crystals 11 01154 g017
Table
Table 1. Results of the elemental analyses of 1–8.
Table 1. Results of the elemental analyses of 1–8.
ComplexObserved (Calculation Result) (%)ComplexObserved (Calculation Result) (%)
FormulaCHNFormulaCHNiS
148.326.911.89533.593.1411.58 51.33
C30H52NNiS8(48.56)(7.06)(1.89)C14H16NiS8(33.66)(3.23)(11.75)(51.36)
249.657.261.85636.213.7011.0848.60
C32H56NNiS8(49.91)(7.33)(1.82)C16H20NiS8(36.43)(3.82)(11.13)(48.63)
350.887.501.67738.874.2610.44 46.40
C34H60NNiS8(51.17)(7.58)(1.76)C18H24NiS8(38.91)(4.35)(10.56)(46.17)
451.907.711.70841.004.819.8143.86
C36H64NNiS8(52.34)(7.81)(1.70)C20H28NiS8(41.16)(4.84)(10.06)(43.95)
Table
Table 2. Crystallographic data for neutral complexes L2–L4.
Table 2. Crystallographic data for neutral complexes L2–L4.
L2L3L4
Chemical formulaC7.2H8S4C8H9.60S4C7.34H9.34S3.34
Crystal size/mm30.40 × 0.10 × 0.040.30 × 0.06 × 0.030.40 × 0.03 × 0.02
Formula weight222.78234.00204.45
Crystal systemMonoclinicMonoclinicMonoclinic
Space groupP21/cP21/cP2/c
a/Å12.7079(3)5.3224(3)11.2835(7)
b/Å9.8356(2)21.7855(10)6.8878(3)
c/Å18.7846(4)10.5687(5)17.1727(13)
α/°909090
β/°105.640(2)95.793(5)106.533(7)
γ/°909090
V/Å32260.95(9)1219.19(11)1279.46(14)
Z1056
T/K939393
μ(Mo Kα)/mm−10.9800.9130.874
Dcalc/g cm−31.6361.5941.592
F(000)1152608640
λ (Mo-Kα)/Å0.710730.710730.71073
Measured 2θ range/°4.75–60.983.938–60.7223.766–60.41
No. of reflections collected22,20610,84911,351
Independent reflections16,86278236705
Observed reflections with I > 2.00 σ(I)545628822973
Rint0.01910.02910.0255
R(F2) (I > 2.00σ(I)) a0.02110.02930.0267
wR(F2) (all data) b0.05370.07400.0654
Goodness of fit (GOF)1.0641.0561.041
CCDC number2,103,6572,103,6582,103,659
a R(F2) = Σ (Fo2 − Fc2)/Σ Fo2; b wR(F2) = [Σ w(Fo2 − Fc2)2/Σ w(Fo2)2]1/2 and w−1 = [Σ2 (F2) + (0.0278P)2 + 0.7843P] for L2; w−1 = [Σ2 (F2) + (0.0450P)2 + 0.3773P] for L3; and w−1 = [Σ2 (F2) + (0.0379 P)2 + 0.4043P] for L4 (where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3).
Table
Table 3. Crystallographic data for neutral complexes 5–8.
Table 3. Crystallographic data for neutral complexes 5–8.
5678
Chemical formulaC14H16NiS8C16H20NiS8C7.2H9.6Ni0.4S3.2C6.67H9.32Ni0.33S2.66
Crystal size/mm30.14 × 0.11 × 0.060.16 × 0.09 × 0.060.07 × 0.04 × 0.010.18 × 0.07 × 0.07
Formula weight499.46527.51222.22194.41
Crystal systemMonoclinicMonoclinicMonoclinicTriclinic
Space groupP21/nP21P21/nP-1
a/Å6.2830(2)8.0303(3)12.5305(6)6.8973(10)
b/Å9.8825(3)8.8084(4)6.7500(3)8.6190(13)
c/Å15.2978(4)14.8128(5)13.6312(6)11.5730(15)
α/°90909069.507(13)
β/°100.685(3)105.033(4)108.057(5)85.237(11)
γ/°90909071.298(13)
V/Å3933.40(5)1011.91(7)1096.15(9)610.09(16)
Z2253
T/K93939393
μ(Mo Kα)/mm−11.9281.7831.6511.486
Dcalc/g cm−31.7771.7311.6831.587
F(000)512544576304
λ (Mo-Kα)/Å0.710730.710730.710730.71073
Measured 2θ range/°4.938–60.775.224–60.7425.376–61.083.75–60.606
No. of reflections collected10,661933098509364
Independent reflections7606697964343699
Observed reflections with I > 2.00σ(I)2215485724362568
Rint0.01820.01870.02260.0267
R(F2) (I > 2.00σ(I)) a0.02370.04990.02520.0827
wR(F2) (all data) b0.05950.13050.05440.1977
GOF1.0561.2151.0511.185
Flack parameter 0.328(7)
CCDC number2,103,6602,103,6612,103,6622,103,663
a R(F2) = Σ (Fo2 − Fc2)/Σ Fo2, b wR(F2) = [Σ w(Fo2 − Fc2)2/Σ w(Fo2)2]1/2 and w−1 = [Σ2 (F2) + (0.0341P)2 + 0.4506P] for 5; w−1 = [Σ2 (F2) + (0.0110P)2 + 9.3099P] for 6; w−1 = [Σ2 (F2) + (0.0275P)2 + 0.2769P] for 7; and w−1 = [Σ2 (F2) + (0.0195P)2 + 10.6333P] for 8 (where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3).
Table
Table 4. Crystallographic data for the radical cation crystals 9 and 10.
Table 4. Crystallographic data for the radical cation crystals 9 and 10.
910
Chemical formulaC7H8Cl0.25Ni0.50OS4C7H8F1.5Ni0.5P0.25S4
Crystal size/mm30.12 × 0.12 × 0.080.14 × 0.07 × 0.01
Formula weight274.59285.97
Crystal systemMonoclinicMonoclinic
Space groupP2/cP2/c
a/Å12.6888(3)12.6865(4)
b/Å6.25150(10)6.3020(2)
c/Å24.1229(6)24.3145(8)
α/°9090
β/°93.462(2)92.900(3)
γ/°9090
V/Å31910.03(7)1941.46(11)
Z88
T/K9393
μ(Mo Kα)/mm−11.9691.928
Dcalc/g cm−31.9101.957
F(000)11221162
λ (Mo-Kα)/Å0.710730.71073
Measured 2θ range/°4.782–60.7884.518–60.73
No. of reflections collected16,99317,389
Independent reflections12,7719840
Observed reflections with I > 2.00σ(I)47564142
Rint0.01350.0338
R(F2) (I > 2.00σ(I)) a0.03020.0335
wR(F2) (all data) b0.06590.0737
GOF1.0681.024
CCDC number2,103,6642,103,665
a R(F2) = Σ (Fo2 − Fc2)/Σ Fo2; b wR(F2) = [Σ w(Fo2 − Fc2)2/Σ w(Fo2)2]1/2 and w−1 = [Σ2 (F2) + (0.0186P)2 + 4.1733P] for 9; and w−1 = [Σ2(F2) + (0.0403P)2 + 1.0162P] for 10 (where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3).
Table
Table 5. Selected bond lengths and angles of neutral complexes 5–8.
Table 5. Selected bond lengths and angles of neutral complexes 5–8.
5678
N(1)-S(1)2.1291(4)2.134(2)2.1350(4)2.1341(18)
Ni(1)-S(2)2.1340(4)2.134(2)2.1343(4)2.1404(17)
Ni(1)-S(5) 2.137(2)
Ni(1)-S(6) 2.138(2)
S(1)-C(1)1.7147(15)1.705(8)1.7143(15)1.719(7)
S(2)-C(2)1.7153(15)1.716(9)1.7084(16)1.708(7)
S(3)-C(1)1.7406(15)1.736(9)1.7393(16)1.748(7)
S(4)-C(2)1.7406(15)1.733(9)1.7418(15)1.750(7)
S(5)-C(9) 1.715(9)
S(6)-C(10) 1.699(9)
S(7)-C(9) 1.739(8)
S(8)-C(10) 1.755(9)
S(3)-C(3)1.8239(15)1.819(9)1.8486(15)1.829(7)
S(4)-C(4)1.8126(15)1.823(9)1.8291(16)1.820(7)
C(1)-C(2)1.386(2)1.413(12)1.389(2)1.380(10)
C(3)-C(4)1.524(2)1.549(12)1.525(2)1.508(10)
S(7)-C(11) 1.818(9)
S(8)-C(12) 1.832(9)
C(9)-C(10) 1.400(12)
C(11)-C(12) 1.523(12)
S(1)-Ni(1)-S(2)91.652(14)91.79(10)91.959(15)91.68(7)
S(5)-Ni(1)-S(6) 91.50(9)
S(1)-Ni(1)-S(2′) a)88.347(14) 88.040(15)88.32(7)
S(1)-Ni(1)-S(5) 88.79(9)
S(1)-Ni(1)-S(6) 87.97(9)
C(1)-C(2)-S(2)119.03(11)118.3(7)119.86(12)119.5(5)
C(1)-C(2)-S(4)127.43(12)127.8(7)122.23(12)126.2(5)
C(2)-C(1)-S(1)119.29(11)119.4(7)118.98(12)119.5(5)
C(2)-C(1)-S(3)126.84(12)125.6(7)126.44(12)126.6(5)
C(9)-C(10)-S(6) 120.3(7)
C(9)-C(10)-S(8) 125.6(7)
C(10)-C(9)-S(5) 117.8(6)
C(10)-C(9)-S(7) 128.3(7)
a) The S(2′) atoms were positioned by the following symmetry operations of S(2) atoms: (2-x, 1-y, 1-z) for 5, (1-x, 1-y, -z) for 7, and (-x, 1-y, 1-z) for 8.
Table
Table 6. Redox potentials E1/21/V (0, −1), E1/22/V (−1, −2), and ΔE (= E1/22 − E1/21)/V of (Bu4N)[Ni(dddt)2] and Complexes 1–4.
Table 6. Redox potentials E1/21/V (0, −1), E1/22/V (−1, −2), and ΔE (= E1/22 − E1/21)/V of (Bu4N)[Ni(dddt)2] and Complexes 1–4.
E1/21/VE1/22/VΔE/V
(Bu4N)[Ni(dddt)2]−1.24−1.020.22
1−1.23−1.030.20
2−1.23−1.050.18
3−1.23−1.050.18
4−1.23−1.060.17
Conditions: MeCN (1 × 10−3 M), supporting electrolyte: (Bu4N)(ClO4) (0.1 M), scan rate: 100 mV/s, reference electrode: Ag/Ag+, counter electrode: Pt wire, working electrode: glassy carbon at room temperature.
Table
Table 7. Wavelength at absorption maxima (λmax) and absorption coefficients (ε) for the π–π* transitions of 1–8 in CH2Cl2.
Table 7. Wavelength at absorption maxima (λmax) and absorption coefficients (ε) for the π–π* transitions of 1–8 in CH2Cl2.
λmax/nmEnergy gap/eVε/dm3 mol−1
110361.1912,000
211981.0310,000
311441.0813,000
412011.0313,000
59821.2632,000
610351.2032,000
710311.2039,000
810401.1949,000
Table
Table 8. Overlap integrals (S) between the HOMOs and a schematic diagram of the donor arrangements for Crystals 9 and 10.
Table 8. Overlap integrals (S) between the HOMOs and a schematic diagram of the donor arrangements for Crystals 9 and 10.
S (× 103)910 Crystals 11 01154 i001
a1−2.7−1.9
a2−10−10
b1−6.9−3.8
b2−0.14−0.7
b3−0.14−0.7
b41.2−0.3
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Kubo, K.; Sadahiro, M.; Arata, S.; Hoshino, N.; Kadoya, T.; Akutagawa, T.; Kato, R.; Yamada, J.-i. Donor-Type Nickel–Dithiolene Complexes Fused with Bulky Cycloalkane Substituents and Their Application in Molecular Conductors. Crystals 2021, 11, 1154. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11101154

AMA Style

Kubo K, Sadahiro M, Arata S, Hoshino N, Kadoya T, Akutagawa T, Kato R, Yamada J-i. Donor-Type Nickel–Dithiolene Complexes Fused with Bulky Cycloalkane Substituents and Their Application in Molecular Conductors. Crystals. 2021; 11(10):1154. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11101154

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kubo, Kazuya, Mamoru Sadahiro, Sonomi Arata, Norihisa Hoshino, Tomofumi Kadoya, Tomoyuki Akutagawa, Reizo Kato, and Jun-ichi Yamada. 2021. "Donor-Type Nickel–Dithiolene Complexes Fused with Bulky Cycloalkane Substituents and Their Application in Molecular Conductors" Crystals 11, no. 10: 1154. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11101154

APA Style

Kubo, K., Sadahiro, M., Arata, S., Hoshino, N., Kadoya, T., Akutagawa, T., Kato, R., & Yamada, J.-i. (2021). Donor-Type Nickel–Dithiolene Complexes Fused with Bulky Cycloalkane Substituents and Their Application in Molecular Conductors. Crystals, 11(10), 1154. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11101154

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