Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins: New Insight from Clinical Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Indoxyl Sulfate and p-Cresyl Sulfate Formation
3. Indoxyl Sulfate, p-Cresyl Sulfate and Renal Toxicity
4. Indoxyl Sulfate, p-Cresyl Sulfate and Vascular Toxicity
5. Indoxyl Sulfate, p-Cresyl Sulfate and Clinical Outcomes
Free Indoxyl Sulfate | p | |||
Total | ≤0.038 mg/100 mL (n = 70) | >0.038 mg/100 mL (n = 69) | ||
Binding (%) | 89 ± 8 (88.9) | 83 ± 9 (86) | 91 ± 5 (92) | <0.001 |
Free p-Cresyl Sulfate | p | |||
Total | ≤0.051 mg/100 mL ( n = 70) | >0.051 mg/100 mL ( n = 69) | ||
Binding (%) | 91 ± 11 (95.8) | 97 ± 4 (97.5) | 85 ± 13 (90.2) | <0.01 |
6. Conclusions
References
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Liabeuf, S.; Drüeke, T.B.; Massy, Z.A. Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins: New Insight from Clinical Studies. Toxins 2011, 3, 911-919. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins3070911
Liabeuf S, Drüeke TB, Massy ZA. Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins: New Insight from Clinical Studies. Toxins. 2011; 3(7):911-919. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins3070911
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiabeuf, Sophie, Tilman B. Drüeke, and Ziad A. Massy. 2011. "Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins: New Insight from Clinical Studies" Toxins 3, no. 7: 911-919. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins3070911