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Volume 16
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Article

Biothermodynamic Analysis of Norovirus: Mechanistic Model of Virus–Host Interactions and Virus–Virus Competition Based on Gibbs Energy

by
Marko E. Popović
1,*,
Vojin Tadić
2 and
Marijana Pantović Pavlović
1,3
1
Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
2
Department for Experimental Testing of Precious Metals, Mining and Metallurgy Institute, Zeleni Bulevar 35, 19210 Bor, Serbia
3
Centre of Excellence in Chemistry and Environmental Engineering—ICTM, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(6), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16060112
Submission received: 8 April 2025 / Revised: 28 May 2025 / Accepted: 30 May 2025 / Published: 1 June 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

Norovirus is a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide and has been studied extensively from the perspective of life and biomedical sciences. However, no biothermodynamic analysis of Norovirus has been reported in the literature. Such an analysis would provide insights into the role of energetic constraints in the interactions between Norovirus and its host cells and other viruses. In this research, Norovirus was characterized from the aspect of chemistry and chemical thermodynamics, with the determination of its molecular formula, empirical formula, molar mass and thermodynamic properties (enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs energy) of formation. Based on these properties, biosynthesis reactions were formulated that show how Norovirus particles are synthetized inside host cells, and the thermodynamic properties of biosynthesis were determined. Moreover, the thermodynamic properties of the binding of Norovirus to its host cell receptor were determined. These were then used to develop a model of virus–host interactions at the cell membrane (antigen-receptor binding) and inside the cytoplasm (virus multiplication), with the phenomenological equations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Based on the model, an analysis of the virus–virus competition between Norovirus and Rotavirus was conducted.
Keywords: antigen-receptor binding; virus multiplication; infectivity; pathogenicity; epidemic; driving force antigen-receptor binding; virus multiplication; infectivity; pathogenicity; epidemic; driving force

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MDPI and ACS Style

Popović, M.E.; Tadić, V.; Pantović Pavlović, M. Biothermodynamic Analysis of Norovirus: Mechanistic Model of Virus–Host Interactions and Virus–Virus Competition Based on Gibbs Energy. Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16, 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16060112

AMA Style

Popović ME, Tadić V, Pantović Pavlović M. Biothermodynamic Analysis of Norovirus: Mechanistic Model of Virus–Host Interactions and Virus–Virus Competition Based on Gibbs Energy. Microbiology Research. 2025; 16(6):112. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16060112

Chicago/Turabian Style

Popović, Marko E., Vojin Tadić, and Marijana Pantović Pavlović. 2025. "Biothermodynamic Analysis of Norovirus: Mechanistic Model of Virus–Host Interactions and Virus–Virus Competition Based on Gibbs Energy" Microbiology Research 16, no. 6: 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16060112

APA Style

Popović, M. E., Tadić, V., & Pantović Pavlović, M. (2025). Biothermodynamic Analysis of Norovirus: Mechanistic Model of Virus–Host Interactions and Virus–Virus Competition Based on Gibbs Energy. Microbiology Research, 16(6), 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16060112

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