Laponite Composites: In Situ Films Forming as a Possible Healing Agent
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Nanoparticles and Films
2.3. Characterization of Nanoparticles
2.3.1. Particle Size, Polidispersity Index (PDI), and Zeta Potential (ξ)
2.3.2. Entrapment Efficiency
2.3.3. Rheology Study
2.3.4. Morphology
2.4. Characterization of Films
2.4.1. Film Thickness
2.4.2. Mechanical Properties
2.4.3. Swelling Behavior and Mass Loss by Solubilization
2.4.4. Occlusive Effects
2.4.5. Clarity
2.4.6. Bioadhesion and Postwetting Bioadhesion
2.4.7. ATR-FT-IR
2.4.8. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2.4.9. Surface Morphology—Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
2.4.10. Uniformity of Content
2.4.11. Drug Release
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Preparation of Nanoparticles
3.2. Characterization of Nanoparticles
3.2.1. Particle Size, Polydispersity Index (PDI), and Zeta Potential (ξ)
3.2.2. Entrapment Efficiency
3.2.3. Rheological Analysis
3.2.4. Morphology
3.3. Characterization of Films
3.3.1. Film Thickness
3.3.2. Mechanical Properties
3.3.3. Swelling Behavior and Mass Loss by Solubilization
3.3.4. Occlusive Effects
3.3.5. Clarity
3.3.6. Bioadhesion and Post-Wetting Bioadhesion
3.3.7. ATR-FT-IR
3.3.8. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
3.3.9. Surface Morphology, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
3.3.10. Uniformity of Content
3.3.11. Drug Release
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | L:G mg:mg | Laponite mg | M:AS mg:mg | Size nm | PDI | Z Potential mV | % Entrapment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | AS | |||||||
LG | 125:100 | - | - | 311.5 ± 36.4 | 0.179 ± 0.034 | −43.2 ± 2.8 | - | - |
LG MAS | 10:10 | 1801.5 ± 171.3 | 0.578 ± 0.183 | −27.3 ± 0.8 | 50.03 ± 0.99 | 92.98 ± 0.90 | ||
LGL 4.4 | 4.4 | - | 371.8 ± 34.0 | 0.464 ± 0.046 | −27.1 ± 1.0 | - | - | |
LGL 4.4 MAS | 10:10 | 1488.7 ± 118.5 | 0.513 ± 0.108 | −15.8 ± 1.6 | 53.85 ± 0.98 | 96.59 ± 0.33 | ||
LGL 6.6 | 6.6 | - | 336.7 ± 18.9 | 0.625 ± 0.031 | −28.2 ± 1.1 | - | - | |
LGL 6.6 MAS | 10:10 | 403.4 ± 65.1 | 0.433 ± 0.130 | −16.4 ± 1.9 | 55.41 ± 0.25 | 97.68 ± 0.19 | ||
LGL | 8.8 | - | 286.4 ± 28.7 | 0.222 ± 0.008 | −34.5 ± 1.7 | - | - | |
LGL MAS | 10:10 | 391.8 ± 20.7 | 0.145 ± 0.043 | −24.2 ± 2.2 | 57.12 ± 0.50 | 97.96 ± 0.06 | ||
150:100 | - | - | 217.6 ± 12.3 | 0.295 ± 0.071 | −38.2 ± 1.2 | - | - | |
10:10 | 1363.8 ± 24.2 | 0.508 ± 0.112 | −24.3 ± 1.2 | 50.12 ± 0.28 | 93.28 ± 0.25 | |||
4.4 | - | 266.6 ± 30.2 | 0.346 ± 0.030 | −9.3 ± 0.3 | - | - | ||
10:10 | 1574.3 ± 160.6 | 0.926 ± 0.092 | −1.8 ± 0.8 | 54.26 ± 1.10 | 97.92 ± 0.50 | |||
6.6 | - | 259.8 ± 4.4 | 0.400 ± 0.020 | −12.2 ± 0.6 | - | - | ||
10:10 | 772.6 ± 54.4 | 0.699 ± 0.044 | −1.9 ± 0.3 | 54.81 ± 0.48 | 98.47 ± 0.50 | |||
8.8 | - | 259.7 ± 26.2 | 0.408 ± 0.019 | −15.1 ± 1.5 | - | - | ||
10:10 | 372.6 ± 22.3 | 0.493 ± 0.050 | −2.4 ± 1.4 | 57.08 ± 0.11 | 98.00 ± 0.39 |
Sample | Thickness mm | Young’s Modulus MPa | Tensile Strength MPa | Swelling % | Loss by Solubilization % | Occlusive Effects % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LG | 0.096 ± 0.007 | 23.9 ± 7.2 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | - | - | 88.58 ± 1.27 |
LG MAS | 0.101 ± 0.005 | 164.3 ± 26.6 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | - | - | 86.43 ± 0.48 |
LGL 4.4 | 0.097 ± 0.005 | 27.6 ± 6.6 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 442.87 ± 30.65 | 14.55 ± 2.57 | 77.23 ± 3.32 |
LGL 4.4 MAS | 0.102 ± 0.012 | 101.7 ± 20.3 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 171.66 ± 21.20 | 19.17 ± 0.39 | 80.73 ± 1.12 |
LGL 6.6 | 0.102 ± 0.007 | 18.7 ± 3.8 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 523.74 ± 43.61 | 8.28 ± 1.53 | 70.33 ± 1.98 |
LGL 6.6 MAS | 0.103 ± 0.010 | 72.7 ± 9.8 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 277.17 ± 40.29 | 9.39 ± 0.64 | 81.11 ± 0.68 |
LGL | 0.111 ± 0.009 | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 672.46 ± 24.26 | 6.84 ± 0.87 | 69.56 ± 3.40 |
LGL MAS | 0.113 ± 0.007 | 12.5 ± 2.7 | 7.1 ± 0.6 | 289.06 ± 7.73 | 6.85 ± 0.92 | 79.37 ± 1.00 |
Drug (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
LG MAS | LGL MAS | |||
Assay | M | AS | M | AS |
1 | 94.07 | 54.23 | 98.53 | 87.19 |
2 | 98.01 | 45.12 | 97.27 | 91.27 |
3 | 101.28 | 42.73 | 98.83 | 90.01 |
4 | 95.33 | 55.04 | 97.97 | 85.55 |
5 | 95.58 | 51.09 | 93.74 | 90.88 |
6 | 94.67 | 55.37 | 98.35 | 86.85 |
7 | 95.99 | 51.56 | 100.43 | 86.91 |
8 | 92.53 | 51.09 | 96.09 | 86.76 |
9 | 97.19 | 45.31 | 92.70 | 90.25 |
10 | 101.25 | 47.24 | 100.90 | 85.74 |
Mean | 96.59 | 49.88 | 97.48 | 88.14 |
SD | 2.90 | 4.51 | 2.65 | 2.20 |
CV | 3.00 | 9.04 | 2.72 | 2.50 |
Drug | Parameters | Zero-Order F = kt | First-Order F = 100[1-ekt] | Higuchi F = kt0.5 | Korsmeyer–Peppas F = ktn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | r2 | 0.6930 | 0.9464 | 0.371 | 0.8612 |
k | 0.897 ± 0.070 | 0.376 ± 0.026 | 10.100 ± 0.472 | 41.139 ± 1.925 | |
n | - | - | - | 0.183 ± 0.011 | |
AS | r2 | 0.9219 | 0.8848 | 0.9501 | 0.9680 |
k | 0.256 ± 0.007 | 0.013 ± 0.001 | 3.575 ± 0.042 | 6.896 ± 0.402 | |
n | - | - | - | 0.370 ± 0.011 |
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Pineda-Álvarez, R.A.; Flores-Avila, C.; Medina-Torres, L.; Gracia-Mora, J.; Escobar-Chávez, J.J.; Leyva-Gómez, G.; Shahbazi, M.-A.; Bernad-Bernad, M.J. Laponite Composites: In Situ Films Forming as a Possible Healing Agent. Pharmaceutics 2023, 15, 1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15061634
Pineda-Álvarez RA, Flores-Avila C, Medina-Torres L, Gracia-Mora J, Escobar-Chávez JJ, Leyva-Gómez G, Shahbazi M-A, Bernad-Bernad MJ. Laponite Composites: In Situ Films Forming as a Possible Healing Agent. Pharmaceutics. 2023; 15(6):1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15061634
Chicago/Turabian StylePineda-Álvarez, Ramón Andrés, Carolina Flores-Avila, Luis Medina-Torres, Jesús Gracia-Mora, José Juan Escobar-Chávez, Gerardo Leyva-Gómez, Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi, and María Josefa Bernad-Bernad. 2023. "Laponite Composites: In Situ Films Forming as a Possible Healing Agent" Pharmaceutics 15, no. 6: 1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15061634