Dual-Drug Delivery by Anisotropic and Uniform Hybrid Nanostructures: A Comparative Study of the Function and Substrate–Drug Interaction Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Uniform Structures
2.1. Solubility and Encapsulation
2.2. Release and Interactions
2.3. Internalization and Cytotoxicity Data
3. Anisotropic Structures
3.1. Solubility and Encapsulation
3.2. Anisotropic Structures Release and Interaction Data
3.3. Internalization and Cytotoxicity Evaluations
4. Discussion
5. Challenges and Outlook
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nanocarrier | Cargo | Outcomes and Details | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
PLGA NPs | diclofenac sodium (DS) and dexamethasone (DX) | Higher solubility and cell uptake for both drugs. Encapsulation efficiencies were (EE%) 67.7% for DX and 54.2% for DS (drug/polymer 1:10 ratio). Release rates were 80% for DS and 60% for DX. Cytotoxicity data revealed nearly 9% reduction in cell viability compared to the control group with 69.4% viability. | [53] |
GO functionalized with poly(epichlorohydrin)-graft-hyperbranched polyglycerol (PCH-g-HPG) NPs | doxorubicin (DOX) and curcumin (CUR) | high dispersibility and biocompatibility particularly for CUR, drug loading efficiency (DLE) was highest at 85% for DOX, and at 80% for CUR. The release rate was nearly 90% for dox and 45% for CUR at pH 5. cytotoxicity on MCF-7 displayed nearly 20% cell viability for NPs loaded with both drugs compared to that of the 70% and 50% loaded with only CUR or DOX, respectively. | [56] |
mPEG-b-P(Glu-co-Phe) | doxorubicin (DOX) and curcumin (CUR) | improved encapsulation and solubility of the CUR. Drug loading was calculated to be 9.7% for DOX and 8.1% for CUR, with DOX: CUR 1: 1.23 (molar ratio). DOX release after 60h at pH 5, 6.8, and 7.4 was reported 60%, 30%, 20%, respectively. Less cell viability (in most of the samples) and higher apoptotic rates in NPs with both drugs was observed compared to single-drug samples. | [57] |
methoxy-poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly lactic acid (mPEG-b-PLA) | curcumin (CUR) and bortezomib (BTZ) | enhanced solubility and cytotoxicity for both hydrophobic drugs specially CUR, 20–26% drug loading efficiency regarding the copolymer composition, higher cytotoxic effect of curcumin–BTZ complex loaded NPs for the MCF-7 cell line compared to the free curcumin–BTZ were observed. The 8k NPs were significantly more toxic compared to free complexes, and NPs with the shortest lactide chains were more cytotoxic. | [61] |
mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSNs) | doxorubicin and camptothecin (CPT) | sequential release, selective internalization. 25% DOX and 6.3 ± 3% CPT-PEG were loaded. No release at pH 7 was observed for both drugs while the release was 25% and 15% at pH 5.5 for DOX and CPT-PEG, respectively. HepG2 cells viability was 17% when using CPT-PEG@MSN-DOX compared to single-drug MSN-DOX cell viability at 47%. Selectivity of cytotoxic effect towards HepG2 cells was observed when NPs were decoreated with glycyrrhetinic acid (GA). | [74] |
mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSNs) | paclitaxel (PTX) and MDR reversal agent tetrandrine (TET) | pH-responsive release property, markedly increased intracellular accumulation of NPs. The drug loading efficiency was 7.23% for PTX and 1.21% for TET in NPs loaded with both drugs. pH-responsive release where release rates were 7.5% for PTX and 16.5% for TET after 72 h at pH 7, while release percentages of PTX and TET were 53.9% and 67.9%, respectively. More cell deaths and proliferation inhibition in the combination of two drugs using NPs than free drugs indicating better endocytosis and uptake of the drugs using MSNs. | [81] |
magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles | doxorubicin (DOX) and hydrophobic drugs paclitaxel (PTX) and rapamycin (RAPA) | enhanced internalization, tumor cell apoptosis, and growth inhibition as compared to single-drug loaded MMSNs. The slower release was observed for DOX from DOX-PTXMMSNs (23%) and DOX-RAPA-MMSNs (19%) compared to the single drug (25%). Apoptotic ratios in cells were 30.72% for DOX-PTX-MMSNs and 47.30% for DOX-RAPA-MMSNs greater than the apoptotic ratios induced by each single-drug-loaded MMSNs. | [87] |
thermally hydrocarbon sized-Psi (THCPSi) and thermally oxidized-PSi (TOPSi). | indomethacin (IMC), and peptide tyrosine tyrosine 3-36 (PYY3-36) | co-loading of therapeutics enhanced the loading capacity of the PSi NPs, accelerating the release rate and permeation. TOPSi-IMC-PYY showed a loading degree of 15.0 ± 0.1% for PYY3-36 and 13.7 ± 0.4% for IMC, and THCPSi-IMC-PYY with 18.4 ± 0.8% for PYY3-36 and 16.8 ± 0.8% for IMC. release rates of IMC and PYY3-36 from co-loaded PSi NPs were faster than single-drug-loaded ones at pH 7.4 and 5.5. Improvements in the cell viability rates were observed for the PSi NPs loaded with PYY3-36 compared to the plain PSi NPs. | [50] |
FMSN@PDA@GO | ibuprofen (ibu) and acetaminophen (acet) | sequential release with individual kinetics for each drug. Loading amounts were 0.4 wt. % and 6.1 wt. % for MSNs-Ibu and FMSNs-Ibu, respectively. The cumulative release fraction was 90% at 36 h for Ibu and 15 h for Acet, respectively. Effective blocking layer of PDA @GO coating prevented rapid transmission of acetaminophen. | [92] |
PEG@MSN nanorods | camptothecin and survivin shRNA-expressing plasmid (iSur-DNA) | higher targetability, uptake, and cytotoxicity owing to AS1411 aptamer. In total, 32% of encapsulation efficiency for CPT was reported. In total, 65% and 16% CPT was released from PEG@MSNR-CPT in citrate buffer (pH 5.4) and PBS (pH 7.4), respectively. The cytotoxicity of Apt-PEG@MSNR-CPT/Sur (20% cell viability) was significantly more than non-targeted NPs in the C26 cell line. | [98] |
MSN modified with N-(propyl)aniline and β-CD cap | 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and naproxen (NAP) | pH-responsive release in acidic condition controlled by CD, and more toxicity of drugs loaded in the nanoparticle. The total amount of drugs loaded in the SBA-15_N-ANI_5-FUN_ β-CD sample was 20 mg of 5FU and 62 mg of NAP per 1 g of solid. Less and slower release rates was detected in neutral pH due to the closed gatekeepers. The viability of U87 MG cells at pH = 6.3 was remarkedly reduced by the administration of SBA-15_N-ANI_5-FUN_β-CD (5FU + NAP 1:1) | [100] |
MSN-hyd-PEG-hyd | doxorubicin (DOX) and camptothecin (CPT) | proper cytotoxicity of the dual delivery systems induced by pH-triggered release. Loading rates were 3.1% for CPT and 25% for DOX. Negligible release was detected at higher pH and physiological pH while nearly 10% of DOX and 5% of CPT were released in pH 5.5. | [103] |
poly alendronate-hyaluronan-S-S-curcumin copolymer (ALN-oHA-S-S-CUR) | curcumin (CUR) and alendronate (ALN) | drug release under the reducing environments, high uptake and cytotoxicity of the active targeting redox-sensitive micelles on MDA-MB-231 cells owning CD44 receptors ALN-oHA-S-S-CUR micelles showed 52.58 ± 8.1 encapsulation efficiencies of CUR. Nearly 70% release from ALN-oHA-S-S-CUR micelles via 10mM GSH. The 40 µg/mL cur-loaded ALN-oHA-S-S-CUR micelles displayed the lowest cell viability after 48 h in MCF-7 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells | [108] |
lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPNPs) | triptolide (TPL) and doxorubicin (DOX) | Encapsulation efficiencies were 75.5% for DOX and 58.3% for TPL in DOX/TPL-LPNPs. Roughly 78% of the DOX and 70% of TPL were released in the presence of 10 mM DTT. DOX/TPL-1/0.2-LPNPs demonstrated higher cytotoxicity than other samples with 20% cell viability and synergistic effect (CI < 1) at all concentrations. | [119] |
protein–lipid nanocomplexes (DTPLNs) (Apoferritin (AFr)/cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (cSLN) ) | doxorubicin (DOX) and mitoxantrone (MTO) | At pH 6.8 DTPLNs released 75.99% of MTO and 94.52% of DOX. DTPLNs and TPNs displayed more growth inhibition compared to the free combination drugs with growth inhibition values of 31 ± 3.46, and 17 ± 3.42 (%) for MCF-7 cells, along with the greater cytotoxicity of the DTPLNs than other samples in folate receptor-positive cells due to the higher cellular uptake via FRs mediated endocytosis in PC-3 and MCF-7 lines. | [125] |
liposomes (FA-DOX/siRNA-L) | doxorubicin (DOX) and Bmi1 siRNA | Significantly higher inhibitory and cytotoxicity efficacy than sole delivery with the help of targeting ligand. DOX encapsulation in FA-DOX/siRNA-L was 89.3% where the siRNA were fully encapsulated in the liposomes. FA-DOX/siRNA-L displayed improved cytotoxic features, where 90.5% of KB cells, 82% of HeLa, and 68% of Hep3B were killed, and enhanced tumor size reduction. | [131] |
Nanocarriers based on β-Cyclodextrin modified with Maleic anhydride and NIPAM | doxorubicin (DOX) and curcumin (CUR) | nanoconjugates enhanced the endocytosis of poorly bioavailable drug curcumin, increased internalization using magnetic NPs. The drug entrapment efficiency of the nanoconjugates was 88% where the drug-loading content of curcumin and DOX was 45 wt% and 32 wt%, respectively. DOX release was Almost 60% at pH 5 and 37 °C vs. more than 80% at pH 5 and 40 °C, while curcumin release was less than 20% at pH 5 and 40 °C vs. 80% at pH 7.4 and 40 °C. Drug-loaded NPs displayed noticeable reduction in cell viability specifically in the presence of magnet, due to the enhanced uptake into the cell via endocytosis. | [132] |
poly(AMA-co-IMMA)-b-poly(OEGMA) (PAIPO) copolymers | paclitaxel (PTX) and cis-platinum (Pt (II)) | enhanced cellular uptake and apoptosis owing to the charge-conversion of micelles surface. The drug loading content (μmol/mg prodrug) in DAM (PTX1/Pt) was 0.101 for PTX and 0.112 for Pt (II). Approximately 82% of PTX and 88% of Pt (II)were released after 72 h in NaASc 5 mM + GSH 10 mM at pH 5.0. Cell-viability data of the HeLa and Skov-3 cell lines demonstrated the highest synergic effect in DAM(PTXn/Pt), exhibiting the lowest IC50 = 0.37–0.79 for HeLa, and 0.41–0.78 for Skov-3. | [140] |
Black phosphorus nanosheets (BP @PDA-PEOz) | doxorubicin (DOX) and bortezomib (BTZ) | enhanced the cellular absorption of DOX and enhanced circulation time, possibly due to the charge reversal of PEOz.Higher release rates for both DOX and BTZ at 45% and 97% at pH 5 in the presence of NIR laser. Co-administration of DTX + BTZ being more cytotoxic than DOX or BTZ alone and DOX-loaded BP@PDAPEOz-BTZ with 808 nm laser irradiation (1.0 W cm−2) had the lowest rate of survival after 48 h. | [141] |
PEGylated bilirubin nanoparticles (BRNPs) | dimer-7-ethyl-10 hydroxycamptothecin (d-SN38) and dimer-lonidamine (d-LND) | Encapsulation efficiencies of 95.33% and 92.34% for d-SN38 and d-LND were observed, respectively. The relative cumulative release of d-LND was 96.27% vs. 40.32% (100 × 103 M H2O2 vs. PBS), while that for d-SN38 was 67.39% vs. 25.95% (0.01 M H2O2 vs. PBS) indicating ROS-responsive release type. SL@BRNPs/iRGD groups cells apoptosis was at 54.2% (1.12-fold greater than SL@BRNPs), demonstrating the superior absorption of nanoparticles by iRGD and the subsequent increase in cell death. | [136] |
Aptamer-Chitosan-AuNPs | 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and doxorubicin (DOX) | The optimum DEE(%) for 5FU was 74.59% and at the weight ratio of 0.125:1 (Dox: CS-Au-5FU NPs, the DEE of DOX was 83.67%. Nearly 90% of 5FU and 55% of DOX were released at pH 5.4 from Apt-Dox-CS-Au-5FU NPs after 120h. Higher cellular uptake in aptamer-functionalized NPs, in addition to enhanced proliferation inhibition induced by Apt-functionalized DOX-CS-Au-5FU NPs via less necrosis (7.03%) and a higher percentage of apoptotic cells (23.11%) compared to free drug and other groups. | [144] |
chitosan/dextran sulfate/chitosan (CS/DEX/CS) NPs | 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and doxorubicin (DOX) | efficient internalization and uptake of PTX and 5FU in HepG2 cells, enhanced inhibition of cancer cells. the encapsulation efficiencies of PTX and 5FU in CS/DEX/CS NPs were 66.3% and 75.2%. Both medicines exhibited pH-sensitive release where at pH 5.67, 6.58, and 7.4, 5Fu release rates were 99.41%, 96.20%, and 87.00%, respectively, whereas PTX release was 51.90%, 40.00%, and 32.09%. the greatest cell inhibitory activity for CS-PTX/DEX/CS-5Fu and higher apoptosis rate of 39.55% for the dual drug-loaded nanoparticles in comparison with single-drug groups against HepG2 cells, indicating the synergic effect of drugs. | [145] |
Exosomes | 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and miR-21i inhibitor | High cell uptake owing to the exosome fused with HER2 proteins, efficient synergic effect in cell killing compared to single drug. Exosomes’ loading capacity (LC) for 5-FU and miR-21i was around 3.1% and 0.5%, respectively. THLG-EXO penetrated Her2-mcherry-SGC-7901 cells more efficiently than SGC-7901 WT, and a significant reduction in tumor volume was seen in the group treated with the THLG-EXO/5FU/miR-21i compared to the THLG-EXO and THLG-EXO/5FU groups. | [148] |
FA-R8-functionalized liposome | astragaloside IV (ASIV) and doxorubicin (DOX) | FA-R8-LPs overcame DOX resistance, exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity. In total, 98.57% and 98.49% of EE% were obtained before freeze-drying. improved internalization and targetability of the final FA-R8-LPs-DOX/AS formulation indicating the optimal function of FA and R8). Tumor volume also was smallest after two weeks of treatment with FA-R8-LPs-DOX/AS. | [150] |
Nanocarrier | Cargo | Outcomes and Details | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Janus Au-MSN NPs with preferential functionalized SH-β-CD on the surface of Au area | paclitaxel (PTX) and doxorubicin (DOX) | The loading efficiency of DOX and PTX on the PTX-AuMSN-DOX JNPs was approximately 58.05% and 95.23%, respectively. DOX was released at 22.31% at pH 7.4 and 73.48% at pH 5.0, while PTX showed cumulative releases of 67.55 and 62.75% in conditions with and without NIR laser, respectively. the dual-drug-loaded system presents high inhibition of tumor, and cytotoxicity with the CI value of 0.81 ± 0.01 indicating the synergistic effect of Janus nanoparticles. | [153] |
oleic acid-NaYF4:Yb,Er/polydopamine Au nanoflower Janus NPs | hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) and doxorubicin (DOX) | The loading efficiency (LE%) of the OA-UCNPs/PDA-AuF JNPs was 88% for DOX and 45% for HCPT. Drug release rates from drug-loaded OA-UCNPs/PDA-AuF JNPs within 104 h were 24% for HCPT and 26.5% for DOX at pH 7.4 vs. 87.1% for DOX and 60.5% for HCPT at pH 5.3. The HCPT/DOX-loaded OA-UCNPs/PDA-AuF JNPs (HCPT: DOX (1:1)) showed the lowest CI values (0.3805), best synergistic effect, and 52.0% apoptotic HepG2 cells using HCPT/DOX-loaded OA-UCNPs/PDA-AuF JNPs, higher than single-drug samples. | [154] |
PLGA Janus NPs | paclitaxel (PTX) and doxorubicin hydrocholoride (DOX. HCl) | one-step process of Janus synthesis using a fluidic nanoprecipitation system (FNPS). PTX and DOX in Janus particles each showed an encapsulation efficiency of 80% and 15%. The cumulative drug release was nearly 90% for PTX and more than 70% for DOX from Janus NPs after 120h. | [157] |
PLGA/PCL Janus particles | curcumin (CUR) and quercetin (QCT) and acetaminophen (APAP) | The encapsulation efficiency (EE%) in Janus NPs was 93.11% for CUR and 92.03% for QCT, while it was 93.38% for CUR and 86.9% for QCT in PCL. The EE% of the APAP and NPX was reported as 54.9% and 93.98% in O/W with ethyl acetate, 21.04% and 91.88% in O/W with DCM + methanol, and 68.29% and 85.49% in W/O/W. Double emulsion method resulted in high encapsulation efficiency, compartmentalization, drug release control. | [158] |
Janus and mixed structures of GO-based PCL/terpolymer NPs | quercetin (QCT) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) | Encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of QCT and 5FU was 41.91% and 53.25% in Janus NPs, respectively, vs. 38.03% for QCT and 71.77% for 5FU in mixed NPs. More than 80% and nearly 80% of 5FU, and nearly 40% and 50% of QCT were released from m-(PCL-NGO-Terpolymer) and J-(PCL-NGO-Terpolymer) at 40 °C, respectively. The dual-loaded NPs were less toxic than the free mix of drugs when maintained at 37 °C but much more toxic when heated to 40 °C. The inhibitory effect of dual-drug-loaded nanoparticles on normal cells was dependent on nanoparticle morphology, with mixed nanoparticles showing the greatest degree of inhibition. | [159] |
polystyrene/Fe3O4 @SiO2 Janus nanocomposites (SJNCs) | Fe3O4 and doxorubicin (DOX) | The loading efficiency of ≈2% (w/w) was calculated for DOX, with release rates of 25.1% (w/w) at pH 7.4, 47.1% (w/w) at pH 6.0, and 82.6% (w/w) at pH 5.0. The apparent cytotoxicity of DOX coupled to non-targeted Janus particles was 5-fold reduced when compared to free DOX, while FA-functionalized Janus particles (FA-SJNCs-DOX) were more toxic reducing the viability of breast cancer cells with an IC50 of 255.3 ± 55.1 μg/mL. Moreover, NPs were equipped with multimodal imaging and hyperthermia induced by Fe3O4. | [162] |
PCL-AuNC/Fe(OH)3-PAA Janus nanoparticle | doxorubicin (DOX) and docetaxel (DOC) | The loading capacities of docetaxel (DOC) and DOX in PCL-AuNC/Fe(OH)3-PAA JNPs were about 5 wt. % and 20 wt. %, respectively. DOX release rate (60%) at an acidic pH vs. negligible release of DOX in neutral PBS, and it slightly enhanced using NIR laser, while DOC release was enhanced using NIR laser irradiation at 0.5 W cm−2 for 5 min up to nearly 60%. The dual-drug-loaded NPs displayed higher cytotoxicity compared with the cocktail (DOX loaded JNPs/DOC-loaded JNPs) and single-drug groups, and CI of 0.42, indicating the synergistic effect of the JNPs, specially in addition to the laser induction. | [165] |
UCNP@SiO2@mSiO2&PMO cubic-spheres | paclitaxel (PTX) and doxorubicin (DOX) | Higher efficiency of cancer cell killing (more than 50%) compared to that of the single drugs (~25%) induced by NIR and UV-Vis irradiations. | [166] |
mesoporous silica nanocages | bovine serum albumin (BSA) and doxorubicin (DOX) | Release control capabilities through the specific drug loading site, guest molecules size, and heat and NIR light. The loading capacities were 342 mg/g for BSA and 33.6 mg/g for DOX. Release rates of both DOX and BSA molecules from single-hole nanorattles under the stimuli of heat (up to 40 °C) and NIR light reached nearly 100% after 35 h. | [167] |
asymmetric lollipop-like Fe3O4@SiO2&EPMO NPs | curcumin (CUR) and gentamicin (GS) | Higher loading capacity of 249 mg/g for GS than 25.8 mg/g for Cur IN Fe3O4@SiO2&EPMO NPs due to intermolecular hydrogen bonds formed between the OH and amino groups of GS and the silanols (Si−OH) of the hydrophilic mesoporous SiO2. The total GS released amount were 99.2 and 96.8%, while 63.0 and 50.3% for DOX from Fe3O4@SiO2-GS&EPMO and Fe3O4@SiO2-GS&EPMO-Cur, respectively. while only Cur and GS kill 48.2% and 19% of cells, respectively, Fe3O4@SiO2-GS&EPMO-Cur kill 89.6% of the cells, indicating the synergic effect of the dual-drug loaded NPs. | [168] |
multicompartment hydrogel (MCH) | doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX) | The drug loading amount was approximately 0.75% (w/w) for PTX and 4.2% (w/w) for DOX. PTX and DOX accumulative released amount from single-loaded MCH was 62.2% and 20.7%, respectively, while the data was around 64.9% for PTX and 23% for DOX, indicating that drugs were well segregated. MCH loaded with both drugs also had the lowest MCF-7 cell viability at only 10%, lowest tumor volume, and side effects compared to other groups, especially single-drug samples. | [179] |
PNIPAM-b-PNAM-b-PNBOC self-assembled hydrogels | gemcitabine (GCT) and doxorubicin (DOX) | Enhanced internalization, and release control and gel-to-sol transition vis UV light and NIR irradiation was observed. The loading efficiencies (LE) were calculated to be 80.5% for DOX and 100.0% for GCT. At 15 wt. % and 37 °C, less than 20% of GCT and 10% of DOX were released without UV, while more than 98% of GCT and nearly 80% of DOX were released with UV inductions, after 70 h. | [180] |
PLGA/PLA nano discs | levodopa (LD) and carbidopa (CD) | Sustained release rate for both drugs in acidic conditions. The encapsulation efficiencies were 97% for LD and 78% for CD in system B (LD in PLGA and CD in PLA). The release profiles of system B illustrated nearly 90% of drugs were released after 24 h. | [187] |
MSN Janus NPs | doxorubicin and berberine (BER) | Loading efficiencies were 58.81% for DOX and 54.17% for BER. the highest apoptotic efficiency of HA-MSN@DB at 48.10% among other systems, and a considerable growth prevention and tumor proliferation inhibition as well as enhanced cell internalization via CD44 receptor-mediated pathways, were observed. | [196] |
H-ZIF-8/polydopamine Janus nanoparticles | doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX.HCl) and 10-Hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) | Loading capacity (LC) of H-ZIF-8/PDA-CD JNPs was 42.0 wt. % for DOX and 9.8 wt. % for HCPT. All release profiles at various pH conditions were enhanced after using a laser, where the release rate of DOX and HCPT reached nearly 80% and 60% at pH 5.3. cell viabilities and tumor volumes treated with dual-loaded JNPs plus laser were lower compared to other groups, highlighting the effective PTT and chemotherapy synergy. | [197] |
self-assembled hyaluronic acid (HA) and cationic amphipathic starch (CSaSt) NPs | docetaxel (DOC) and doxorubicin (DOX) | The encapsulation efficiencies were 96.1 ± 2.3% for DOC and 91.4 ± 3.7% for DOX. approximately 70% of DOX was released within 12 h when HAase was added compared to 40% without HAase. DDC NPs attenuated the toxicity of DOC and DOX in vivo, with 20% vs. 80% mortality, and lower tumor growth in mice treated with the combined drug treatment. DDC NPs could also enhance the accumulation of drugs in tumors via HA-targeting agents. | [200] |
chitosan/sodium alginate/PLGA Janus NPs | venom protein (αCT) and resveratrol (Res) | Improved bioavailability, cell entrance, and intestinal absorption. The entrapment efficiency (EE%) was 58.14% for αCT and 87.49% for Res. Compared with free αCT and Res, the JNPs have obvious sustained-release characteristics where the cumulative release of αCT in αCT-JNP and αCT/Res-JNP was 78.44% and 73.82%, respectively, compared to the cumulative release of 94.41% for Res in Res-JNP and 94.57% from αCT/ResJNP, respectively. | [203] |
PVP/PCL Janus nanofibers | Rana chensinensis skin peptides (RCSPs) and Ag NPs | Good wettability, mechanical, antibacterial, Biocompatibility, and wound healing properties. The cumulative release rate of RCSPs from RCSPs-Ag nanofibers reached 94.15% after 35 min. Lowest cell viability and highest wound closure for RCSPs-Ag nanofibers after 7 and 14 days, respectively. | [206] |
assembled triblock terpolymers into multicompartment patchy NPs | doxorubicin (DOX) and Cyanine5 (Cy5) | FRET real-time monitoring capacity, simultaneous release and delivery to cancerous cells. The loading efficiencies of DOX and Cy5 were 49.27% and 18.76%, while the co-loading method decreased DOX loading efficiency and capacity by ~15% with negligible changes in the data of Cy5. | [207] |
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Kargari Aghmiouni, D.; Khoee, S. Dual-Drug Delivery by Anisotropic and Uniform Hybrid Nanostructures: A Comparative Study of the Function and Substrate–Drug Interaction Properties. Pharmaceutics 2023, 15, 1214. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041214
Kargari Aghmiouni D, Khoee S. Dual-Drug Delivery by Anisotropic and Uniform Hybrid Nanostructures: A Comparative Study of the Function and Substrate–Drug Interaction Properties. Pharmaceutics. 2023; 15(4):1214. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041214
Chicago/Turabian StyleKargari Aghmiouni, Delaram, and Sepideh Khoee. 2023. "Dual-Drug Delivery by Anisotropic and Uniform Hybrid Nanostructures: A Comparative Study of the Function and Substrate–Drug Interaction Properties" Pharmaceutics 15, no. 4: 1214. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041214
APA StyleKargari Aghmiouni, D., & Khoee, S. (2023). Dual-Drug Delivery by Anisotropic and Uniform Hybrid Nanostructures: A Comparative Study of the Function and Substrate–Drug Interaction Properties. Pharmaceutics, 15(4), 1214. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041214