Emerging Nanotherapeutic Approaches to Overcome Drug Resistance in Cancers with Update on Clinical Trials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Drug Resistance in Cancers and Its Mechanisms
3. Nanotherapeutics in Cancer Therapy
4. Emerging and Innovative Nanotherapeutics-Based Strategies against Drug-Resistant Cancers
4.1. Nanotherapeutis-Based Approaches for Targeting Tumor Microenvironment (TME)
4.2. Nanotherapeutic Strategies for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)
4.3. siRNA-Based Nanotherapeutic Strategies
4.4. MicroRNA (miRNA)-Based Nanotherapeutic Strategies
4.5. Self-Assembly Prodrug (SAP)-Based Nanotherapeutic Strategies
4.6. Exosomes-Based Nanotherapeutics Strategies
5. Clinical Trials and Update
Nanoparticulate System | Drug/Therapeutic Agent | Type of Cancer | Findings | Clinical Trials Status | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liposomes | Doxorubicin | Primary and metastatic liver cancer | Well tolerated by patients (n = 18) with 33% response rate | FDA-approved | [322] |
Albumin nanoparticles | Paclitaxel | Squamous cell carcinoma | Well tolerated by patients (n = 42) with 81% response rate | FDA-approved | [323] |
Liposomes | Cisplatin | Advanced malignant tumors | 51% clinical benefit with 11.1% partial response in patients (n = 12) | Active, phase II clinical trials | [324] |
PEG and polyaspartate polymeric nanoparticles | Paclitaxel | Bile duct, pancreatic, gastric and colon cancer | 30% stable disease and 5% responded well (n = 19) | Active, phase III clinical trials | [325] |
Liposomes | Vincristine sulphate | Acute lymphoblastic lymphoma | 22% complete and partial response (n = 36) | FDA-approved | [326] |
Albumin nanoparticles (ABl-007) | Nanoparticle bound paclitaxel and free gemcitabine | Metastatic breast cancer | Well-tolerated and 81% response rate (n = 42), 8% complete response, and 42% complete response (n = 50) | FDA-approved | [327] |
NK012 polymeric nanoparticles | SN-38 (Camptothecin analogue) | Solid tumors | 9% partial response (n = 11) | Active, phase II clinical trials | [328] |
Immunoliposomes | Doxorubicin and anti-EGFR | Advanced solid tumors | 38% stable disease, 8% complete and partial response (n = 26) | Active, phase II clinical trials | [329] |
Liposomes | Annamycin | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | 16% partial response (n = 31) | Active, phase II clinical trials | [330] |
Liposomes | Vincristine sulphate | Acute lymphoblastic lymphoma | 41% complete and partial response (n = 56) | FDA-approved | [331] |
PEP02 liposomes | Irinotecan and Docetaxel | Gastro-esophageal adenocarcinoma and metastatic gastric | 14% complete and partial response (n = 44) | FDA-approved | [332] |
Polymeric CRLX101 nanoparticles | Camptothecin | Advanced solid tumors | 64% stable disease (n = 44) | Active, phase II clinical trials | [333] |
Lipid nanoparticles | VEGF and KSP siRNAs | Advanced solid tumors | 42% stable disease (n = 24) | Limited progression of siRNAs into phase II | [240] |
Cationic liposomes | wt human p53 plasmid | Advanced solid tumors | 64% stable disease (n = 11) | Active, phase II clinical trials | [334] |
Bind-014 coated nanoparticles | Docetaxel | Advanced solid tumors | 12% complete and partial disease response (n = 52) | Active, phase I clinical trials | [335] |
Lipid core nanoparticles | Paclitaxel | Epithelial ovarian sarcoma | 43% progression free survival (n = 14) | Active, phase II clinical trials | [336] |
NC-6004 micellar nanoparticles | Cisplatin | Advanced solid tumors | 70% stable disease and 15% partial response (n = 22) | Active, phase III clinical trials | [337] |
PEG protein conjugate | L-asparaginase | Lymphoblastic leukemia | 77.8 complete response and 3.7% partial response, Overall survival of 50% or better (n = 162) | FDA-approved | [338] |
PEG polymer micelles | Epirubicin | Advanced and recurrent solid tumors | 53% stable disease and 5% partial response (n = 47) | Terminated (did not cross after phase I trials) | [339] |
Liposomes | MRX34 (miR-34a) | Advanced solid tumors | 13% stable disease and 68% partial response (n = 47) | Terminated | [340] |
Activated carbon nanoparticles | Epirubicin | Breast cancer | No response | Terminated | [341] |
DOTAP-cholesterol nanoparticles | TUSC2 plasmid | Lung cancer | 23% partial response and stable disease (n = 31) | Terminated (did not cross after phase I trials) | [342] |
CYT-6091 colloid PEGylated nanoparticles | Recombinant human TNF-α | Solid organ cancer | 1% complete and partial response (n = 156) | Terminated (did not cross after phase I trials) | [324] |
Rexin-G nanoparticles | Cytocidal cyclin G1 construct | Sarcoma and osteosarcoma | 88% stable disease or partial response (n = 17) | Terminated (did not cross after phase II trials) | [343] |
6. Challenges and Future Prospective
7. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Resistance Mechanism | Cytotoxic Drugs | Type of Cancer | Target | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
miR-27 involved resistance | Platinum drugs, Doxorubicin | Esophageal cancer | Micro-RNA 27a/b (miR-27a/b) | [44] |
Microseminoprotein, prostate-associated (MSMP) gene upregulation | Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1/2/3 (VEGFR1/2/3) inhibitors | Ovarian cancer | Hypoxia, triggering Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling | [45] |
Activated PDGFR | Histone deacetylase inhibitors, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, anti-VEGF drugs | Prostate cancer | platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) | [46] |
Tumor heterogeneity | Tyrosine kinase inhibitors | Lung cancer | epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790M mutation | [47] |
Tumor heterogeneity | Vemurafenib | Melanoma | Mutation in MAP kinase 1 (MEK1) | [48] |
Drug inactivation | Platinum drug | Lung cancer | Thiol glutathione | [49] |
Reduced drug uptake | Anthracyclines, axanes, oxazaphosphorines and platinum-based drugs | Breast cancer | Endocytic-mediated pathways | [50] |
Reduced drug uptake | 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and miR-21 inhibitor oligonucleotide (miR-21i) | Colon cancer | Micro-RNA-21 (miR-21) | [51] |
DNA repair alternation | Olaparib | Prostate cancer | Poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) | [52] |
DNA repair alternation | Platinum (carboplatin or cisplatin) and taxol (paclitaxel) | Ovarian cancer | DNA repair pathways | [53] |
Inhibition in apoptotic pathways and autophagy | Epirubicin, tamoxifen, herceptin, and vinorelbine | Breast cancer | Autophagy | [54] |
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) | Wingless and Int-1 (Wnt) Signaling inhibitors | Ovarian cancers | Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway | [55] |
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) | Nivolumab | Urothelial cancer | EMT/stroma-related gene expression | [56] |
Nanoparticles Platform | Targeted Component of TME | Drug/Therapeutic Agent/Surface Functionalization | Outcomes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lipid-nanoparticle composite | Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) | Single chain tumor necrosis factor (TNF) | Enhancement of specific uptake and activity of TNF nanocytes | [120] |
PEGylated carboxymethylcellulose nanocomposite | Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) | Docetaxel | Several fold increase in circulation time, and tumor perfusion, reduction in metastasis | [121] |
Polyethyleneimine-β-cyclodextrin (PEI-β-CD) complex | Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) | CY11 peptide | Two-fold higher gene delivery efficiency | [122] |
Gold nanoparticles | Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) | Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) | 40% reduction in cell viability | [123] |
Cleavable amphiphilic peptide (CAP) nanoparticles | Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) | Fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP-α) | Disorganization of the stromal barrier, enhancement of local drug accumulation | [124] |
Nanoparticle-based photoimmunotherapy (nano-PIT) | Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) | Fibroblast-activation protein (FAP) | Significantly enhanced T cell infiltration, and efficient tumor suppression. | [125] |
Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) | Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) | Tumor endothelial marker 8 | Blocked metastatic growth, and prolonged overall survival. | [126] |
Conjugated nanoparticulate system | Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) | Cisplatin, siWnt16 | Knockdown of Wnt16 | [127] |
Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) | Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) | Rapamycin | Modulation of tumor vasculature | [128] |
Nanohydrogel particles and lipoplexes | Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) | Cyclic peptide and siRNA | Enhanced in vivo uptake, functional siRNA delivery | [129] |
PLGA nanoparticles conjugated with Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) | Tumor-associated vascular endothelial cells | Paclitaxel (PTX) and combretastatin A4 (CA4) | Tumor vasculature disorganization, inhibition of cell proliferation, significantly enhanced apoptosis | [130] |
PEG-PLA nanoparticles | Tumor-associated vascular endothelial cells | F3 peptide | Deep penetration at the tumor side, Enhanced accumulation with longest survival | [131] |
Nanographene oxide nanocomposite | Tumor-associated vascular endothelial cells | TRC105, a monoclonal antibody that binds to CD105 | Improved uptake at tumor site | [132] |
Polyacrylic acid (PAA)-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide | Tumor-associated vascular endothelial cells | RGD | Tumor targeting and antiangiogenic response | [133] |
Cholesterol-based nanoparticles | Tumor-associated vascular endothelial cells | Doxorubicin (Dox) and RGD | 15-fold increase in antimetastatic activity | [134] |
Gold nanorods | Tumor-associated vascular endothelial cells | RGD | Downregulation of integrin α(v)β₃ expression | [135] |
PEG nanoparticles | Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) | Mannose | Efficient targeting of TAMs | [136] |
Polymer nanoparticles | Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) | Mannose and siRNA | Enhanced uptake and efficient delivery of siRNA | [137] |
PLGA nanoparticles | Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) | Antigenic peptides, hgp100 (25–33) and TRP2 (180–188) | Significantly delayed growth of melanoma | [138] |
PLGA-based nanoparticles | Tumor-associated T cells | Inhibitor of transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFβR1)-R848 | Promotes infiltration of T cells, improved efficacy for delivery | [139] |
PLGA-based nanoparticles | Tumor-associated antigen presenting cells | anti–PD-1 monoclonal antibodies | Increase in expression of adhesion molecules, enhance antitumor immunity | [140] |
Lipid-coated calcium phosphate nanoparticles | Tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes | siRNAs against PD-1 and PD-L1 | Effective delivery of siRNAs, silencing of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression, improved cytotoxicity | [141] |
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles | Tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes | Indocyanine green (ICG), imiquimod (R837) | Checkpoint-blockade, effective immunotherapy | [142] |
Polymer nanoparticles | Tumor-associated leukemia-specific T cells | DNA | Effective targeting of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), long-term disease remission | [143] |
Liposome nanoparticles | Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) | Antagonist for the adenosine receptor A2A (SCH-58261) | Controlled drug effects on cells, enhanced active targeting | [144] |
TH10 peptide nanoparticles | Tumor-associated pericytes | Docetaxel | Pronounceable pericyte apoptosis induction | [145] |
Liposome nanoparticles | Tumor-associated lymphatic vessels | Doxorubicin, cyclic peptide (LyP-1) | Increased liposome uptake, reduction in metastasis | [146] |
Nanoparticles Platform | Targeted Component of TME | Drug/Therapeutic Agent/Surface Functionalization | Outcomes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sorafenib (Sor) nanoparticles | Tumor hypoxia | Apoptosis inducer (CA IX-C4.16) | Synergistic therapeutic efficiency of CA IX-C4.16 and Sor combination | [147] |
Terpolymer-Protein or protein-lipid nanoparticles | Tumor hypoxia | Manganese dioxide (MnO2) | Generation and delivery of different oxygen rates, 40% reduction in tumor growth in combination with radiotherapy | [148] |
Carboxymethyl dextran nanoparticles | Tumor hypoxia | Doxorubicin and 2-nitroimidazole derivative | Selective accumulation of nanoparticles at hypoxic tumor tissues, high antitumor activity | [149] |
Oxygen self-sufficient amphiphile (F-IR780-PEG) nanoparticles | Tumor hypoxia | Doxorubicin | Downregulation of P-glycoprotein expression, synergistic treatment by combination of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy | [150] |
CdTe quantum dots (QDs) conjugated with 2-deoxyglucose (DG)-polyethylene glycol (PEG), Lipoic acid, lysine, 9-poly-d-arginine | Tumor hypoxia | HIF-1α siRNA | Enhanced hypoxic tumor targeting, Excellent biocompatibility, perfect siRNA binding capability | [151] |
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-poly L-lysine (PLL)-poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-based nanoparticles | Tumor hypoxia | Transferrin (Tf) and daunorubicin (DNR) | Downregulation of HIF-1α expression, and induced apoptosis | [152] |
Manganese ferrite nanoparticles | Tumor hypoxia | Mesoporous silica nanoparticles | Reduction in hypoxic environment with continuous O2-evolving property | [153] |
Carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) and black hole quencher 3 (BHQ3) nanoparticles | Tumor hypoxia | Doxorubicin | Improved drug biodistribution, Enhanced toxicity under hypoxic conditions compared to normoxic conditions | [154] |
Haemoglobin-based nanocarrier | Tumor hypoxia | Doxorubicin | Improved hypoxia induced chemoresistance reversal | [155] |
Block copolymer nanoparticles | Tumor altered pH | Cisplatin, F3 peptide | Rapid tumor regression, avascular effect with significant vascular necrosis | [156] |
Gold nanoparticles | Tumor altered pH | Doxorubicin | Elevated apoptosis, enhanced toxicity | [157] |
Chitosan nanoparticles | Tumor altered pH | Mesoporous silica nanoparticles | Increased solubility and improved anticancer properties | [158] |
Poly(L-histidine) (PHIS) and hyaluronic acid nanoparticles | Tumor altered pH | Doxorubicin, Anti-tumor immune regulator (R848) | Dual pH responsive nanoparticles, excellent tumor-targeting ability, inhibition of tumor growth | [159] |
Multifunctional co block polymers-based nanosystems | Tumor altered pH | Doxorubicin, lectin | 8-fold higher toxicity than free drug, 100% osteosarcoma cell death | [160] |
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers | Tumor altered pH | Platinum-prodrug | pH-triggered size switching, improved drug penetration and therapeutic efficacy | [161] |
Calcium carbonate aragonite nanocrystal | Tumor altered pH | Doxorubicin | Higher uptake of pH sensitive nanocrystals with great reduction of tumor growth | [162] |
Micellar cationic lipid-assisted polymeric nanoparticles | Tumor altered pH | siRNA, Antibody of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) | Neutralization of the tumor pH, significant inhibition of tumor growth | [163] |
Magnetic nanoparticles | Alteration of metabolic pathways | Glucose | Enhanced internalization of glucose coated nanoparticles | [164] |
Bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,2,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) ethyl sulfide (BPTES) nanoparticles | Alteration of metabolic pathways | Glutaminase inhibitor (CB-839), metformin | Effective inhibition of glutaminase, reduced tumor growth | [165] |
Gold nanoparticles | Alteration of metabolic pathways | 3-bromopyruvate (3-BP) | Enhanced ability to modulate cancer cell metabolism, mediating | [166] |
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles | Tumor ECM modulation | Collagenase nanocapsules | Enhanced nanocarrier penetration, improved therapeutic efficiency | [167] |
Liposome-based nanoparticles | Tumor ECM modulation | Collagenase, paclitaxel | Improved drug penetration, degradation of ECM correlated to reduction in metastasis | [168] |
Type of Nanoparticles | Target Gene/Protein | Target Areas | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Layer by layer nanoparticles | MDR1 | Chemotherapeutics resistance | [212] |
PEG2000-PE PM | Survivin | Chemotherapeutics resistance | [213] |
Nanocopolymer | Survivin | Chemotherapeutics resistance | [214] |
Liposomal nanoparticles | FOXM1 | Cell growth and progression of cell cycle | [215] |
Polymer-lipid nanoparticles | VEGF | Cell growth and progression of cell cycle | [216] |
PEG-modified lipid nanoparticles | Transferrin | Cell growth and progression of cell cycle | [217] |
PEG-modified lipid nanoparticles | EpCAM | Cell growth and progression of cell cycle | [218] |
PEI-modified gold nanoparticles | eEF2K | Cell growth and progression of cell cycle | [219] |
Lipid nanoparticles | BCR-ABL fusion gene | Cell growth and progression of cell cycle | [220] |
Agarose gel nanoparticles | POLR2A | Cell growth and progression of cell cycle | [221] |
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles | PLK1 | Cell growth and progression of cell cycle | [222] |
Silica-nanoparticles | mTORC2 | Cell growth and progression of cell cycle | [223] |
Fab’s antibody modified LNP | HB-EGF | Cell growth and progression of cell cycle | [224] |
Lipid-dendrimer-calcium-phosphate nanoparticles | PD-L1 | Cell growth and progression of cell cycle | [225] |
Chitosan nanoplexes | VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 and neuropilin-1 | Angiogenesis and Tumor Microenvironment | [226] |
ICAM-1 conjugated liposomes | Lipocalin 2 | Angiogenesis and Tumor Microenvironment | [227] |
RGD-PEG-ECO nanoparticles | DANCR | Tumor invasion and metastasis | [228] |
CoFe-nanoparticles | EF2K | Tumor invasion and metastasis | [229] |
Therapeutic Name | Delivery System | Type of Cancer | Status | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
NBF-006 | Lipid nanoparticles | Non-small cell lung carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma | Phase I/recruiting | [237] |
siRNA-EphA2- DOPC | Lipid nanoparticles | Advanced cancers | Phase I/Not completed yet | [238] |
ALN-VSP02 | Lipid nanoparticles | Solid liver tumors | Phase I/Completed | [239] |
siG12D LODER | LODER polymer | Pancreatic cancer, pancreatic ductal Adenocarcinoma | Phase II/Ongoing | [240] |
Atu027 | Lipid nanoparticles | Metastatic pancreatic cancer (II), solid tumors (I) | Phase II/Completed | [241] |
TKM- PLK1 (TKM-080301) | Lipid nanoparticles | Hepatocellular carcinoma (II), adrenal cortical carcinoma (II), neuroendocrine tumor (II), solid tumors (I) | Phase II/Completed | [209] |
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Bukhari, S.N.A. Emerging Nanotherapeutic Approaches to Overcome Drug Resistance in Cancers with Update on Clinical Trials. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040866
Bukhari SNA. Emerging Nanotherapeutic Approaches to Overcome Drug Resistance in Cancers with Update on Clinical Trials. Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(4):866. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040866
Chicago/Turabian StyleBukhari, Syed Nasir Abbas. 2022. "Emerging Nanotherapeutic Approaches to Overcome Drug Resistance in Cancers with Update on Clinical Trials" Pharmaceutics 14, no. 4: 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040866
APA StyleBukhari, S. N. A. (2022). Emerging Nanotherapeutic Approaches to Overcome Drug Resistance in Cancers with Update on Clinical Trials. Pharmaceutics, 14(4), 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040866