Co-Injection of Sulfotyrosine Facilitates Retinal Uptake of Hyaluronic Acid Nanospheres Following Intravitreal Injection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Fabrication of Fluorescent Hyaluronic Acid Nanospheres
2.3. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Measurements
2.4. Preparation of Sulfotyrosine Solution
2.5. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
2.5.1. Intravitreal and Subretinal Injection
2.5.2. Electroretinography, Fundus Imaging, and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
2.5.3. Fluorescence Imaging and Counting HA-NS in the Retina
2.5.4. H&E Staining and Photoreceptor Nuclei Counts
2.5.5. Immunofluorescence Labeling
2.6. Electron Microscopy (EM)
Cytokine Protein Assay
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Characterization of Hyaluronic Acid Nanospheres
4.2. HA-NS Exhibit Persistence in the Vitreous but Low Retinal Penetration after Intravitreal Injection
4.3. Sulfotyrosine Is Well-Tolerated in the Retina after Intravitreal Injection
4.4. Co-Injection of Sulfotyrosine Facilitates NS Diffusion to the Outer Retina
5. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Eblimit, A.; Makia, M.S.; Strayve, D.; Crane, R.; Conley, S.M.; Sinha, T.; Acharya, G.; Al-Ubaidi, M.R.; Naash, M.I. Co-Injection of Sulfotyrosine Facilitates Retinal Uptake of Hyaluronic Acid Nanospheres Following Intravitreal Injection. Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 1510. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091510
Eblimit A, Makia MS, Strayve D, Crane R, Conley SM, Sinha T, Acharya G, Al-Ubaidi MR, Naash MI. Co-Injection of Sulfotyrosine Facilitates Retinal Uptake of Hyaluronic Acid Nanospheres Following Intravitreal Injection. Pharmaceutics. 2021; 13(9):1510. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091510
Chicago/Turabian StyleEblimit, Aiden, Mustafa S. Makia, Daniel Strayve, Ryan Crane, Shannon M. Conley, Tirthankar Sinha, Ghanashyam Acharya, Muayyad R. Al-Ubaidi, and Muna I. Naash. 2021. "Co-Injection of Sulfotyrosine Facilitates Retinal Uptake of Hyaluronic Acid Nanospheres Following Intravitreal Injection" Pharmaceutics 13, no. 9: 1510. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091510