Neurovascular Unit: A New Target for Treating Early Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Neurovascular Unit
3. Current Treatments for Early Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy
3.1. Fenofibrate
3.2. Calcium Dobesilate (CaD)
4. Administration Route When Treating Early Stages of DR
5. Treatment Based on Neuroprotection
5.1. Proteins with Neurotrophic and Angiogenic Properties
5.2. Peptides/Proteins with Neurotrophic and Anti-Angiogenic or Vasculotropic Properties
5.3. Blocking ET-1
5.4. Neurotransmitters
5.4.1. Proteins Involved in Synaptic Connectivity
5.4.2. Proteins Involved in Axonal Transport
6. Treatment Based on Targeting Inflammation
6.1. General Considerations
6.2. Targeting Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
7. Concluding Remarks and New Perspectives in Clinical Practice
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Reference | Neuro- degeneration | Micro- angiopathy | Mechanisms of Action | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glial Inflammation | Neuronal Apoptosis | Oxidative Stress | Vascular Permeability | ||||
PEDF | [91] | yes | yes | + | + | + | |
SST | [59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104] | yes | + | + | |||
GLP-1 | [60,112, 113] | yes | yes | + | + | + | + |
DPP-IVi | [118] | yes | yes | + | + | + | + |
Bosentan | [61] | yes | yes | + | + | + | |
SOCS-1 | [126] | yes | yes | + | + | + |
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Simó, R.; Simó-Servat, O.; Bogdanov, P.; Hernández, C. Neurovascular Unit: A New Target for Treating Early Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy. Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13081320
Simó R, Simó-Servat O, Bogdanov P, Hernández C. Neurovascular Unit: A New Target for Treating Early Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy. Pharmaceutics. 2021; 13(8):1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13081320
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimó, Rafael, Olga Simó-Servat, Patricia Bogdanov, and Cristina Hernández. 2021. "Neurovascular Unit: A New Target for Treating Early Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy" Pharmaceutics 13, no. 8: 1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13081320