Regulated Entry of Hepatitis C Virus into Hepatocytes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cell-Free Entry
2.1. Before Binding
2.1.1. Virus Landing
2.1.2. Capture of Viral Particles
2.1.3. Viral Particles Attachment
2.2. E2–CD81 Binding and Activation of Regulatory Pathways
2.2.1. Engagement of E2–CD81 Binding
2.2.2. Activation of Regulatory Pathways
2.3. Postbinding
Lateral Diffusion of CD81 and Receptor Clustering
2.4. Internalization
2.4.1. Formation of Primary Endocytic Vesicles
2.4.2. Signal Degradation and Endosome Maturation
2.5. Fusion
2.5.1. Endosome Acidification
2.5.2. Fusion of Viral Envelope with Endosome Membrane
3. Regulatory Mechanisms for HCV Entry
3.1. Regulation for CD81 Lateral Diffusion and Receptors Clustering
3.2. Regulation of Particle Internalization and Endosome Maturation
3.3. Other Regulatory Mechanisms
4. Cell-to-Cell Spread
4.1. Cell-to-Cell Spread Shares the Same Receptors with Cell-Free Entry
4.2. Cell-to-Cell Spread Leads to Immune Evasion and Resistance to Direct-Acting Antiviral (DAA) Agents
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Miao, Z.; Xie, Z.; Miao, J.; Ran, J.; Feng, Y.; Xia, X. Regulated Entry of Hepatitis C Virus into Hepatocytes. Viruses 2017, 9, 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9050100
Miao Z, Xie Z, Miao J, Ran J, Feng Y, Xia X. Regulated Entry of Hepatitis C Virus into Hepatocytes. Viruses. 2017; 9(5):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9050100
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiao, Zhijiang, Zhenrong Xie, Jing Miao, Jieyu Ran, Yue Feng, and Xueshan Xia. 2017. "Regulated Entry of Hepatitis C Virus into Hepatocytes" Viruses 9, no. 5: 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9050100