Antiviral Effects of Black Raspberry (Rubus coreanus) Seed and Its Gallic Acid against Influenza Virus Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Viruses
2.2. Preparation of RCSF1
2.3. Cytotoxicity
2.4. Time-of-Addition Plaque Reduction Assay
2.5. Confocal Microscopy
2.6. Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay
2.7. Differential Scanning Fluorometry and Fusion Inhibition Assay
2.8. Attachment and Penetration Assays
2.9. NA Treatment on RCSF1
2.10. Transmission Electron Microscopy
2.11. Identification of Polyphenols by LC/MS/MS
2.12. In Vivo Mouse Experiments
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. RCSF1 Inhibits Early Stages of Influenza Viral Infection
3.2. RCSF1 Inhibits Hemagglutination and Fusion and Disrupts Virus Particles
3.3. Polyphenols of RCSF1, GA, Have Anti-Influenza Activities against Various Strains
3.4. Oral Administration of RCSF1 Shows Anti-Influenza Activity in Mice
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class | Polyphenols | Contents |
---|---|---|
Flavonoids | Cyanidin-3-glucoside | 0.15 ± 0.00 |
Cyanidin-3-rutinoside | 8.50 ± 0.20 | |
Quercetin | 0.27 ± 0.01 | |
Myricetin | ND 1 | |
Rutin | 0.53 ± 0.00 | |
Catechin | 34.55 ± 0.82 | |
Epigallocatechin gallate | ND | |
Ellagic acid | 11.43 ± 0.99 | |
Phenolic acid | Gallic acid | 1.30 ± 0.04 |
3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | 1.99 ± 0.05 | |
Caffeic acid | 0.22 ± 0.03 | |
trans-Ferulic acid | 0.13 ± 0.01 | |
p-Coumaric acid | 0.44 ± 0.00 | |
Chlorogenic acid | 0.02 ± 0.00 | |
Stilbenoids | trans-Resveratrol | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
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Lee, J.-H.; Oh, M.; Seok, J.H.; Kim, S.; Lee, D.B.; Bae, G.; Bae, H.-I.; Bae, S.Y.; Hong, Y.-M.; Kwon, S.-O.; et al. Antiviral Effects of Black Raspberry (Rubus coreanus) Seed and Its Gallic Acid against Influenza Virus Infection. Viruses 2016, 8, 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8060157
Lee J-H, Oh M, Seok JH, Kim S, Lee DB, Bae G, Bae H-I, Bae SY, Hong Y-M, Kwon S-O, et al. Antiviral Effects of Black Raspberry (Rubus coreanus) Seed and Its Gallic Acid against Influenza Virus Infection. Viruses. 2016; 8(6):157. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8060157
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Ji-Hye, Mi Oh, Jong Hyeon Seok, Sella Kim, Dan Bi Lee, Garam Bae, Hae-In Bae, Seon Young Bae, Young-Min Hong, Sang-Oh Kwon, and et al. 2016. "Antiviral Effects of Black Raspberry (Rubus coreanus) Seed and Its Gallic Acid against Influenza Virus Infection" Viruses 8, no. 6: 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8060157
APA StyleLee, J. -H., Oh, M., Seok, J. H., Kim, S., Lee, D. B., Bae, G., Bae, H. -I., Bae, S. Y., Hong, Y. -M., Kwon, S. -O., Lee, D. -H., Song, C. -S., Mun, J. Y., Chung, M. S., & Kim, K. H. (2016). Antiviral Effects of Black Raspberry (Rubus coreanus) Seed and Its Gallic Acid against Influenza Virus Infection. Viruses, 8(6), 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8060157