Potential for Improving Potency and Specificity of Reovirus Oncolysis with Next-Generation Reovirus Variants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Reovirus Naturally Infects the Small Intestine
1.2. Reovirus Is a Promising Cancer Therapy
1.3. Optimizing Reovirus Oncolysis
2. Cell Attachment
2.1. Mutations that Modulate Sialic Acid Binding
Step | Variant Name | Mutations (Amino Acid Change) 1 | Domain Function | Phenotype | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Improving Potency | Attachment | T3DSA− | σ1 (R202W) | Sialic-binding | Reduced infection in some cells (e.g., HeLa) and in vivo pathogenesis in neonatal immunocompromised mice |
VeroAV | σ1 (Q78P; N198K) | Trimerization; Sialic-binding | Enhanced binding to Vero Cells | ||
µ1 (E89G; A114V) | |||||
Jin-1 | σ1 (T193M; Q336R) | Sialic-binding; JAM-A binding | Infectious towards JAM-A deficient cells | ||
Jin-2 | σ1 (G187R; Q336R) | Sialic-binding; JAM-A binding | |||
Jin-3 | σ1 (G196R) | Sialic-binding | |||
T3D-S1His | σ1 ((His)6 tag @ C-terminus) | Additional binding domain added | Ability to replicate in JAM-A-deficient U118 cells that express (His)6-specific antibody fragment | ||
Uncoating and Onset of Infection | NA | µ1 (A305L), (A276V), (D371N), (Q456R), (P497S), (L185S), or (E89Q) | µ1-µ1 interactions | Altered rates of ISVP → ISVP* and core production | |
Y354H | σ3 (Y354H) | C-terminal surface exposed domain | Enhanced disassembly and resistance to E64 protease inhibitor. Enhanced replication, dissemination and pathogenesis in immunocompromised mice | ||
T3v1 | λ1 (N138D) | Inner face of virion core | Enhanced particle infectivity and oncolytic activity in vivo | ||
λ2 (M1101I) | Flap domain that open/close | ||||
λ3 (P400S) | Core-facing surface | ||||
T3v2 | σ1 (S18I) | Virion-anchoring domain | |||
Improving Specificity/Safety | Attachment | HTR1 (AV-Reo) | σ1 (L116P; V127A; Q251STOP; I300M) σ3 (S177F; H251L) | Trimerization; JAM-A binding | Reduced toxicity in vivo |
Antiviral Response | P4L-12 | σ3 (G198E; M221I) | Increased IFN-sensitivity. Improved specificity towards IFN-deficient Ras-transformed cells | ||
µ1 (P315S; T449A) | |||||
µNS (V705A) | |||||
λ2 (T636M) | Methyltransferase domain | ||||
NA | µ2 (P208) | Unknown | Important in repression of interferon signaling | ||
NA | σ3 (R236), (R239), (K291), or (K293) | dsRNA binding domain | |||
ts453 | σ3 (N16K) | µ1 association domain | Increased dsRNA binding and IFN resistance |
2.2. Modifications that Alter Binding to JAM-A or Promote JAM-A Independent Attachment
3. Virus Disassembly, Membrane Penetration, and Establishment of Infection
3.1. Reovirus Uncoating Contributes to Specificity and Potency of Oncolysis
3.2. Mutations in σ3 Promote Reovirus Uncoating
3.3. Mutations in µ1 Modulate Reovirus Uncoating
3.4. Reduced Virion-Associated σ1 Promotes Reovirus Oncolysis
4. Macromolecular Synthesis, Progeny Virus Production and Virus Release
5. Improving Reovirus Specificity and Safety
5.1. Modifying Reovirus-JAM-A Binding
5.2. Increasing Interferon Sensitivity
6. Reovirus Reverse Engineering and Expression of Exogenous Genes
7. Future Directions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mohamed, A.; Johnston, R.N.; Shmulevitz, M. Potential for Improving Potency and Specificity of Reovirus Oncolysis with Next-Generation Reovirus Variants. Viruses 2015, 7, 6251-6278. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7122936
Mohamed A, Johnston RN, Shmulevitz M. Potential for Improving Potency and Specificity of Reovirus Oncolysis with Next-Generation Reovirus Variants. Viruses. 2015; 7(12):6251-6278. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7122936
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed, Adil, Randal N. Johnston, and Maya Shmulevitz. 2015. "Potential for Improving Potency and Specificity of Reovirus Oncolysis with Next-Generation Reovirus Variants" Viruses 7, no. 12: 6251-6278. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7122936