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Review

Filoviral Immune Evasion Mechanisms

1
Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
2
Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
3
Biochemistry Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
4
Biochemistry Undergraduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2011, 3(9), 1634-1649; https://doi.org/10.3390/v3091634
Received: 11 August 2011 / Accepted: 15 August 2011 / Published: 7 September 2011
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis of Emerging and Re-Emerging RNA Viruses)

Abstract

The Filoviridae family of viruses, which includes the genera Ebolavirus (EBOV) and Marburgvirus (MARV), causes severe and often times lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans. Filoviral infections are associated with ineffective innate antiviral responses as a result of virally encoded immune antagonists, which render the host incapable of mounting effective innate or adaptive immune responses. The Type I interferon (IFN) response is critical for establishing an antiviral state in the host cell and subsequent activation of the adaptive immune responses. Several filoviral encoded components target Type I IFN responses, and this innate immune suppression is important for viral replication and pathogenesis. For example, EBOV VP35 inhibits the phosphorylation of IRF-3/7 by the TBK-1/IKKε kinases in addition to sequestering viral RNA from detection by RIG-I like receptors. MARV VP40 inhibits STAT1/2 phosphorylation by inhibiting the JAK family kinases. EBOV VP24 inhibits nuclear translocation of activated STAT1 by karyopherin-α. The examples also represent distinct mechanisms utilized by filoviral proteins in order to counter immune responses, which results in limited IFN-α/β production and downstream signaling.
Keywords: Ebolavirus; Marburgvirus; IFN antagonist; innate immune evasion Ebolavirus; Marburgvirus; IFN antagonist; innate immune evasion

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ramanan, P.; Shabman, R.S.; Brown, C.S.; Amarasinghe, G.K.; Basler, C.F.; Leung, D.W. Filoviral Immune Evasion Mechanisms. Viruses 2011, 3, 1634-1649. https://doi.org/10.3390/v3091634

AMA Style

Ramanan P, Shabman RS, Brown CS, Amarasinghe GK, Basler CF, Leung DW. Filoviral Immune Evasion Mechanisms. Viruses. 2011; 3(9):1634-1649. https://doi.org/10.3390/v3091634

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramanan, Parameshwaran, Reed S. Shabman, Craig S. Brown, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Christopher F. Basler, and Daisy W. Leung. 2011. "Filoviral Immune Evasion Mechanisms" Viruses 3, no. 9: 1634-1649. https://doi.org/10.3390/v3091634

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