Molecular Detection of Various Non-Seasonal, Zoonotic Influenza Viruses Using BioFire FilmArray and GenXpert Diagnostic Platforms
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cells and Viruses
2.2. Contrived-Clinical Specimens, Result Interpretation and Limit of Detection
3. Results
3.1. Limit of Detection of Non-Seasonal, Zoonotic Influenza Viruses in Nasal Swab Specimens
3.2. Limit of Detection of Non-Seasonal, Zoonotic Influenza Viruses in Saliva Specimens
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Flu A | Influenza A |
LOD | Limit of detection |
M | Matrix |
MEM | Minimal Essential Medium |
POC | Point of care |
RSV | Respiratory Syncytial Virus |
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Assay Number | Subtype (Target) | Oligo Sequence |
---|---|---|
1 | H1N1 (M) | AGACAAGACCAAUCUUGUCACCUCUGACUAAGGGAAUUUUAGGAUUUGUGUUCACGCUCACCGUGCCCAGUGAGCGAGGACUGCAGCGUAGACGCUUUAUCCAAAAUGCCCUAAAUG |
2 | H1N2v (M) | AGACAAGACCAAUCUUGUCACCUCUGACUAAGGGAAUUUUAGGAUUUGUGUUCACGCUCACCGUGCCCAGUGAGCGAGGACUGCAGCGUAGACGCUUUAUCCAAAAUGCCCUAAAUG |
3 | H3N2 (M) | AGACAAGACCAAUUCUGUCACCUUUGACUAAGGGGAUUUUAGGGUUUGUUUUCACGCUCACCGUGCCCAGUGAGCGAGGACUGCAGCGUAGACGCUUUGUCCAAAAUGCCCUCAAUG |
4 | H3N2v (M) | AGACAAGACCAAUCUUGUCACCAUUGACUAAGGGUAUUUUAGGAUUUGUGUUCACGCUCACCGUGCCCAGUGAGCGAGGACUGCAGCGUAGACGCUUUGUCCAAAAUGCCCUAAAUG |
5 | H5N1 (M) | AGACAAGACCAAUCCUGUCACCUCUGACUAAAGGAAUCUUGGGAUUUGUAUUCACGCUCACCGUGCCCAGUGAGCGAGGACUGCAGCGUAGACGUUUUGUUCAGAAUGCCCUAAAUG |
6 | H7N9 (M) | AGACAAGACCAAUCCUGUCACCUCUGACUAAGGGGAUUUUAGGGUUUGUGUUCACGCUCACCGUGCCCAGUGAGCGAGGACUGCAGCGUAGACGGUUUGUCCAAAACGCCCUAAAUG |
7 | H9N2/H10N7 (M) | AGACAAGACCAAUCCUGUCACCUCUGACUAAGGGGAUUUUAGGAUUUGUGUUCACGCUCACCGUGCCCAGUGAGCGAGGACUGCAGCGUAGACGCUUUGUCCAAAAUGCCCUUAAUG |
Modified Primer Sequence | ||
AFdeg | 5′ Primer | GACCRATCYTGTCACCTYTGAC |
Name | Subtype | Strain | Seasonal Strain | Species of Virus Origin | Species of Isolation | Quantification Assay Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1N1-seasonal | H1N1 | A/turkey/ON/FAV8-12/2020 | Yes | Human | Turkey | 1 |
H1N2v-human | H1N2v | A/Manitoba/01/2021 | No | Swine | Human | 2 |
H3N2-seasonal | H3N2 | A/Darwin/6/2021 | Yes | Human | Human | 3 |
H3N2-canine | H3N2 | A/canine/ON/N-69-1/2018 | No | Canine | Canine | 3 |
H3N2v-human | H3N2v | A/Manitoba/03/2021 | No | Swine | Human | 4 |
H5N1-human | H5N1 | A/Alberta/1/2014 | No | Avian | Human | 5 |
H5N1-AGWT | H5N1 | A/AmericanGreenWingedTeal/NovaScotia/ FAV133-3/2022 | No | Avian | American Green Winged Teal | 5 |
H5N1-duck | H5N1 | A/Duck/Quebec/FAV1347-10/2022 | No | Avian | Wigeon | 5 |
H5N1-human-TX | H5N1 | A/Texas/37/2024 | No | Avian/Bovine | Human | 5 |
H5N1-human-BC | H5N1 | A/BritishColumbia/PHL-2032/2024 | No | Avian | Human | 5 |
H7N9-human | H7N9 | A/Anhui/01/13 | No | Avian | Human | 6 |
H9N2-human | H9N2 | A/chicken/Ghana/Slycat-13/2018 | No | Avian | Human | 7 |
H10N7-seal | H10N7 | A/harbour seal/BC/OTH52-4/2021 | No | Seal | Seal | 7 |
Name | Cepheid Xpert® Xpress CoV-2/Flu/RSV Plus | BioFire® Respiratory 2.1 Panel | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Positive Result | Limit of Detection (M copies/mL) | Positive Result and Subtype | Limit of Detection (M Copies/mL) | |
H1N1-seasonal | Flu A | 2.1 × 102 | Flu A/H1 | 2.1 × 103 |
H1N2v-human | Flu A | 5.0 × 102 | Flu A | 5.0 × 103 |
H3N2-seasonal | Flu A * (SARS-CoV-2) | 8.0 × 103 | Flu A/H3 | 8.0 × 104 |
H3N2-canine | Flu A | 9.0 × 102 | Flu A/H3 | 9.0 × 103 |
H3N2v-human | Flu A | 1.5 × 103 | Flu A/H3 | 1.5 × 104 |
H5N1-human-AB | Flu A | 4.7 × 103 | Flu A | 4.7 × 104 |
H5N1-AGWT | Flu A | 2.4 × 103 | Flu A | 2.4 × 104 |
H5N1-duck | Flu A | 2.4 × 102 | Flu A | 2.4 × 102 |
H5N1-human-TX | Flu A | 2.4 × 103 | Flu A | 2.4 × 104 |
H5N1-human-BC | Flu A | 8.3 × 102 | Flu A | 8.3 × 103 |
H7N9-human | Flu A | 6.2 × 103 | Flu A | 6.2 × 104 |
H9N2-human | Flu A | 2.7 × 102 | Flu A | 2.7 × 103 |
H10N7-seal | Flu A | 2.4 × 103 | Flu A | 2.4 × 103 |
Name | Cepheid Xpert® Xpress CoV-2/Flu/RSV Plus | BioFire® Respiratory 2.1 Panel | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Positive Result | Limit of Detection (M Copies/mL) | Positive Result and Subtype | Limit of Detection (M Copies/mL) | |
H1N1-seasonal | Flu A | 2.1 × 102 | Flu A/H1 | 2.1 × 103 |
H1N2v-human | Flu A | 5.0 × 102 | Flu A | 5.0 × 103 |
H3N2-seasonal | Flu A | 8.0 × 103 | Flu A/H3 | 8.0 × 104 |
H3N2-canine | Flu A | 9.0 × 102 | Flu A/H3 | 9.0 × 102 |
H3N2v-human | Flu A | 1.5 × 103 | Flu A/H3 | 1.5 × 104 |
H5N1-human | Flu A | 4.7 × 103 | Flu A | 4.7 × 103 |
H5N1-AGWT | Flu A | 2.4 × 103 | Flu A | 2.4 × 103 |
H5N1-Duck | Flu A | 2.4 × 102 | Flu A | 2.4 × 102 |
H5N1-human-TX | Flu A | 2.4 × 103 | Flu A | 2.4 × 104 |
H5N1-human-BC | Flu A | 8.3 × 102 | Flu A | 8.3 × 103 |
H7N9-human | Flu A | 6.2 × 103 | Flu A | 6.2 × 104 |
H9N2-human | Flu A | 2.7 × 101 | Flu A | 2.7 × 103 |
H10N7-seal | Flu A | 2.4 × 103 | Flu A | 2.4 × 103 |
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Ranadheera, C.; Chestley, T.; Perez, O.; Meek, B.; Hart, L.; Johnson, M.; Berhane, Y.; Bastien, N. Molecular Detection of Various Non-Seasonal, Zoonotic Influenza Viruses Using BioFire FilmArray and GenXpert Diagnostic Platforms. Viruses 2025, 17, 970. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17070970
Ranadheera C, Chestley T, Perez O, Meek B, Hart L, Johnson M, Berhane Y, Bastien N. Molecular Detection of Various Non-Seasonal, Zoonotic Influenza Viruses Using BioFire FilmArray and GenXpert Diagnostic Platforms. Viruses. 2025; 17(7):970. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17070970
Chicago/Turabian StyleRanadheera, Charlene, Taeyo Chestley, Orlando Perez, Breanna Meek, Laura Hart, Morgan Johnson, Yohannes Berhane, and Nathalie Bastien. 2025. "Molecular Detection of Various Non-Seasonal, Zoonotic Influenza Viruses Using BioFire FilmArray and GenXpert Diagnostic Platforms" Viruses 17, no. 7: 970. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17070970
APA StyleRanadheera, C., Chestley, T., Perez, O., Meek, B., Hart, L., Johnson, M., Berhane, Y., & Bastien, N. (2025). Molecular Detection of Various Non-Seasonal, Zoonotic Influenza Viruses Using BioFire FilmArray and GenXpert Diagnostic Platforms. Viruses, 17(7), 970. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17070970