Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a Zoo-Kept Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Samples
2.2. Serology
2.3. Nucleic Acid Extraction and Molecular Assays
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Species | Number of Animals | Origin | Number of Oropharyngeal/Faecal Samples | Results SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR |
---|---|---|---|---|
Canidae | ||||
Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) | 4 1 | Zoo | 5 | Positive (1/4) |
Wolf (Canis lupus) | 1 | Free-ranging | 2 | Negative |
Felidae | ||||
Lynx (Lynx lynx) 2 | 16 | Free-ranging | 40 | Negative |
Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) | 1 | Zoo | 1 | Negative |
Snow leopard (Panthera uncia) | 5 | Zoo | 12 | Negative |
Lion (Panthera leo) | 1 | Zoo | 1 | Negative |
Tiger (Panthera tigris) | 2 | Zoo | 6 | Negative |
Mustelidae | ||||
Ferret (Mustela furo) | 6 | Privately owned | 15 | Negative |
Badger (Meles meles) | 1 | Free-ranging | 1 | Negative |
Hominidae | ||||
Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) | 1 | Zoo | 1 | Negative |
Callitrichidae | ||||
Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) | 2 | Zoo | 4 | Negative |
Sciuridae | ||||
Asiatic striped squirrel (Tamiops swinhoei) | 2 | Zoo | 4 | Negative |
Phocidae | ||||
Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina) | 1 | Zoo | 3 | Negative |
Erinaceidae | ||||
Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) | 1 | Free-ranging | 1 | Negative |
Total | 44 | 96 |
Species | Origin | Number of Serum Samples | Result Serology 2 |
---|---|---|---|
Felidae | |||
Lynx (Lynx lynx) 1 | Free-ranging | 2 | Negative |
Mustelidae | |||
Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) | Zoo | 1 | Negative |
Leporidae | |||
European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) | Privately owned | 12 | Negative |
Camelidae | |||
Alpaca | Privately owned | 16 | Negative |
Camel (Camelus ferus) | Zoo/privately owned | 2 | Negative |
Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) | Privately owned | 4 | Negative |
Llama (Lama glama) | Zoo | 1 | Negative |
Bovidae | |||
Arabian Oryx (Oryx leucoryx) | Zoo | 1 | Negative |
Impala (Aepyceros melampus) | Zoo | 1 | |
Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) | Zoo | 3 | Negative |
Cervidae | |||
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) | Privately owned | 1 | Negative |
Chinchillidae | |||
Chinchilla (Chinchilla) | Privately owned | 1 | Negative |
Elephantidae | |||
Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) | Zoo | 5 | Negative |
Folivora | |||
Two-toed sloths (Choloepus) | Zoo | 1 | Negative |
Macropodidae | |||
Western grey Kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) | Zoo | 2 | Negative |
Herpestidae | |||
Yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata) | Zoo | 1 | Negative |
Cavidae | |||
Guinea pig (Cavinae) | Privately owned | 8 | Negative |
Otaridae | |||
Eared seal (Zalophus californianus) | Zoo | 2 | Negative |
Agamidae | |||
Bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) | Privately owned | 1 | Negative |
Procaviidae | |||
Rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) | Zoo | 2 | Negative |
Primates | |||
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) | Zoo | 5 | Negative |
Orangutan | Zoo | 1 | Negative |
Geoffroy’s spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) | Zoo | 1 | Negative |
Dschelada (Theropithecus gelada) | Zoo | 1 | Negative |
Lemuridea | |||
White-belted ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata subcincta) | Zoo | 2 | Negative |
Red ruffed lemur (Varecia rubra) | Zoo | 1 | Negative |
Total | 78 | Negative |
Species | Number of Animals | Number of Faecal/Oropharyngeal Samples | Results SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR | Number of Serum Samples | Result Serology 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canidae | |||||
African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) | 1 | 1 | Negative | - | - |
Felidae | |||||
Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) | 1 | 2 | Negative | 1 | Negative |
Lion (Panthera leo) | 2 | 4 | Negative | 1 | Negative |
Mustelidae | |||||
Meerkat (Suricata suricatta) | 5 | 8 | Negative | 5 | Negative |
Dwarf mongoose (Helogale parvula) | 4 | 8 | Negative | - | - |
Otaridae | |||||
California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) | 2 | 2 | Negative | 2 | Negative |
Hominidae | |||||
Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) | 2 | 4 | Negative | 2 | Negative |
Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) | 1 | 2 | Negative | - | - |
Western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) | 2 | 2 | Negative | 1 | Negative |
Atelidae | |||||
Brown woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagothricha) | 2 | 3 | Negative | - | - |
Black-handed spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) | 2 | 3 | Negative | 1 | Negative |
Pitheciidae | |||||
Coppery titi (Plecturocebus cupreus) | 1 | 2 | Negative | 1 | Negative |
Callitrichidae | |||||
Cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) | 1 | 2 | Negative | 1 | Negative |
Golden lion tamarin (Leonthopithecus rosalia) | 1 | 2 | Negative | 2 | Negative |
Cebidae | |||||
Bolivian squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) | 1 | 2 | Negative | 1 | Negative |
Lemuridae | |||||
White-belted ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata subcincta) | 3 | 4 | Negative | 3 | Negative |
Total | 31 | 51 | 21 |
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Chan, T.; Ginders, J.; Kuhlmeier, E.; Meli, M.L.; Bönzli, E.; Meili, T.; Hüttl, J.; Hatt, J.-M.; Hindenlang Clerc, K.; Kipar, A.; et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a Zoo-Kept Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes). Viruses 2024, 16, 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16040521
Chan T, Ginders J, Kuhlmeier E, Meli ML, Bönzli E, Meili T, Hüttl J, Hatt J-M, Hindenlang Clerc K, Kipar A, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a Zoo-Kept Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes). Viruses. 2024; 16(4):521. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16040521
Chicago/Turabian StyleChan, Tatjana, Julia Ginders, Evelyn Kuhlmeier, Marina L. Meli, Eva Bönzli, Theres Meili, Julia Hüttl, Jean-Michel Hatt, Karin Hindenlang Clerc, Anja Kipar, and et al. 2024. "Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a Zoo-Kept Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)" Viruses 16, no. 4: 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16040521
APA StyleChan, T., Ginders, J., Kuhlmeier, E., Meli, M. L., Bönzli, E., Meili, T., Hüttl, J., Hatt, J.-M., Hindenlang Clerc, K., Kipar, A., Wyss, F., Wenker, C., Ryser-Degiorgis, M.-P., Valenzuela Agüí, C., Urban, C., Beisel, C., Stadler, T., & Hofmann-Lehmann, R. (2024). Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a Zoo-Kept Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes). Viruses, 16(4), 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16040521