N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Virus and Cells
2.2. Expression and Purification of HA
2.3. Protein Histochemistry
2.4. Hemagglutination Assay
2.5. Glycan Microarray Binding of HA
2.6. Virus Challenge in Mice
2.7. Preparation of Lung Homogenates
2.8. Virus Titration of Lung Homogenates
3. Results
3.1. Animal Models for Human Influenza
3.2. Physical Characteristics of Animal Models
3.3. Expression of N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models
3.4. Neu5Gc as a Functional Receptor
4. Discussion
4.1. Relevance of Neu5Gc in Animal Models for Human Influenza
4.2. Remaining Questions on the Role of Neu5Gc and Neu5Gc Binding
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Animal Model | Sialic Acid Linkage in the Respiratory Tract | Neu5Gc Detected | Intact CMAH Gene [4] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
α2,3 | α2,6 | |||
Mouse | + [1] | - [1,16] | Yes [6,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,89,90] Yes (Figure 2) | Yes |
Ferret | + [17] - (upper respiratory tract) [1] + (lung) [1] | + [17] + (upper respiratory tract) [1] - (lung) [1] | No [17,18,19] No (Figure 2) | No |
Guinea pig | + (nasal tract, trachea) [91] + (lung) [91] | + (nasal tract, trachea) [91] - (lung) [91] | Yes [9,92] Yes (Figure 2) | Yes |
Rat | + (trachea) [93] -- (lung) [93] | + (trachea) [93] - (lung) [93] | Yes [9,94] | Yes |
Syrian hamster | + [32] | + [32] | Yes (Figure 2) | Yes |
Tree shrew | + [95] - (nasal tract, trachea) [43] + (lung) [43] | + [95] + (nasal tract, trachea) [43] - (lung) [43] | Yes [95] | Yes |
Swine | - [1,96] + (nasal tract) [97] - (trachea) [97] + (lung) [97,98] | + [1,96] - (nasal tract) [97] + (trachea) [97] + (lung) [97,98] | Yes [96,98,99,100,101,102] Yes, 53% [103] Yes, 9–14% [104] Yes (Figure 2) | Yes |
Marmoset | + [45] | -- [45] | No [105] | No |
Macaque | Unknown | Unknown | Yes [9,106] | Yes |
Dog | + [107] | - [3,107] | No [28,88,108] Yes [88,89,109,110] | Yes |
Horse | + [1,107,111] | -- [3,107,111] | Yes [3,8,108] | Yes |
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Spruit, C.M.; Nemanichvili, N.; Okamatsu, M.; Takematsu, H.; Boons, G.-J.; de Vries, R.P. N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus. Viruses 2021, 13, 815. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13050815
Spruit CM, Nemanichvili N, Okamatsu M, Takematsu H, Boons G-J, de Vries RP. N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus. Viruses. 2021; 13(5):815. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13050815
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpruit, Cindy M., Nikoloz Nemanichvili, Masatoshi Okamatsu, Hiromu Takematsu, Geert-Jan Boons, and Robert P. de Vries. 2021. "N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus" Viruses 13, no. 5: 815. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13050815
APA StyleSpruit, C. M., Nemanichvili, N., Okamatsu, M., Takematsu, H., Boons, G.-J., & de Vries, R. P. (2021). N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus. Viruses, 13(5), 815. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13050815